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Achilleas Hotel
       ... Athens,
Achillion Hotel
       ... Trikala,
Acquamarina Resort
       ... Paros,
Acropol Halandri
       ... Athens,
Acropole Delphi
       ... Delphi,
Acropolis Select Hotel
       ... Athens,
Adrian Hotels
       ... Athens,
Aegean Palace Hotel
       ... Chania,
Aegean Plaza Htl By Resort Book
       ... Kamari,
Aegean Suites Hotel
       ... Skiathos Island,
Aegli Pallas Hotel
       ... Volos,
Aenos Hotel
       ... Argostoli,
Aeolis Hotel
       ... Adamas,
Aeolos Beach Hotel
       ... Kos,
Aeolos Hotel
       ... Skopelos Town,
Afroditi Venus Hotel By Resort
       ... Kamari,
Agapi Beach Hotel
       ... Heraklion,
Agela Hotel
       ... Kos,
Agionissi Resort Hotel
       ... Amoliani,
Agios Nikolaos
       ... Sivota,
Agla Hotel
       ... Rhodes,
Agnantia Hotel Apartment
       ... Fiskardo, Greece,
Agrabella Hotel
       ... Heraklio,
Aigialos Luxury Traditional Settl ...
       ... Thira,
Airotel Achaia Beach
       ... Patras,
Airotel Malaconda Beach
       ... Eretria,
Airotel Parthenon
       ... Athens,
Akrotiri Apartments
       ... Agios Nikolaos,
Akrotiri Beach Hotel
       ... Paleokastritsa,
Akti Aphrodite Hotel
       ... Corfu,
Akti Olous
       ... Elounda,
Akti Perama Hotel
       ... Corfu,
Al Mare Villas
       ... Rhodes,
Albatros Hotel
       ... Hersonissos,
Aldemar Cretan Village
       ... Chersonissos,
Aldemar Knossos Royal Village
       ... Chersonissos,
Aldemar Olympian Village
       ... Ilia,
Aldemar Olympian Village
       ... Skafidia,
Aldemar Paradise Royal Mare
       ... Kallithea (rhodes Island),
Aldemar Paradise Village
       ... Rhodes,
Aldemar Royal Mare Village
       ... Limenas Hersonissou,
Aldemar Royal Mare Village
       ... Chersonissos,
Alea Hotel & Studios
       ... Ialysus,
Alexander House Hotel
       ... Aghia Pelagia,
Alexander Suites
       ... Santorini,
Alexander The Great Hotel
       ... Kriopigi,
Alexandra Beach
       ... Zakynthos,
Alexandra Beach - Thassos Spa R
       ... Thassos Island,
Alexandros Hotel
       ... Perama,
Alia Palace
       ... Chalkidiki,
Alkyon Resort Hotel
       ... Vrahati,
Alma Hotel
       ... Athens,
Altana Traditional House
       ... Fira,
Alvion Hotel
       ... Athens,
Alykes
       ... Naxos,
Amalia Hotel Athens
       ... Athens,
Amalia Hotel Nauplia
       ... Nauplia,
Amalia Hotel Olympia
       ... Olympia,
Amarilia Hotel
       ... Athens,
Amarilia Hotel
       ... Kavouri,
Amazing View Hotel
       ... Agios Stefanos,
Amazon Hotel
       ... Athens,
Amazones Village Suite
       ... Heraklion,
Amerisa Suites
       ... Thira,
Amoudi Villas
       ... Oia,
Amphitryon Hotel
       ... Nafplion,
Anastasia Hotel
       ... Stalis,
Anatolia
       ... Thessaloniki,
Anatolia Hotel
       ... Komotini,
Andromaches Apartments
       ... Corfu,
Andys Plaza
       ... Aghia Pelagia,
Anemoessa Hotel
       ... Tinos Cyclades,
Anemomylos Bungalows
       ... Karystos - Evia,
Aneroussa Beach
       ... Batsi,
Anesis Hotel
       ... Kozania,
Anezina Village
       ... Paros,
Angela Suites - Lobby
       ... Rhodes Town,
Angela Suites Boutique Hotel
       ... Sissi,
Angelika Apartments
       ... Milatos,
Anita Hotel
       ... Piraeus,
Anixis
       ... Athens,
Anny Hotel Santorini Island
       ... Messaria,
Anny Studios Perissa Beach
       ... Perissa Beach Santor,
Antinea Hotel
       ... Kamari Santorini,
Aparthotel Sofia/mythos Beach
       ... Balio,
Aphrodite Beach Crete
       ... Crete,
Aphrodite Beach Hotel
       ... Vatera,
Apollo Beach Rhodes
       ... Rhodes,
Apollo Hotel
       ... Athens,
Apollo Resort Art Hotel
       ... Kiparissia,
Apollo Studios
       ... Livadia,
Apollon
       ... Kos,
Apollon Olympia Hotel
       ... Olympia,
Apollon Suite Hotel
       ... Karystos,
Apollonia Hotel And Resort
       ... Agios Ioannis,
Apollonia Hotel Apartments
       ... Varkiza,
Aquamarina Hotel
       ... Mati,
Aquila Atlantis Hotel
       ... Heraklion,
Aquila Elounda Village
       ... Elounda,
Aquila Porto Rethymno
       ... Rethimnon,
Aquila Rithymna Beach
       ... Rethimnon,
Archontiko Chatziargiri
       ... Pelion,
Aressana Hotel
       ... Fira - Santorini,
Arethusa Hotel
       ... Athens,
Argentikon Luxury Suites
       ... Chios,
Argo Hotel
       ... Piraeus,
Argo Spa Hotel
       ... Agia Marina,
Aria Lito Mansion
       ... Thira,
Aria Suites
       ... Santorini,
Ariadne Hotel
       ... Malia,
Arion Hotel
       ... Corfu,
Arion Hotel
       ... Athens,
Arion Palace Hotel
       ... Ierapetra,
Arion Renaissance
       ... Vasilikos,
Arion Resort And Spa
       ... Athens,
Aristoteles Hotel
       ... Athens,
Armonia Hotel
       ... Athens,
Armonia Hotel
       ... Malia,
Art Hotel Athens
       ... Athens,
Art Hotel Pelican Bay
       ... Mykonos,
Astarte Suites
       ... Akrotiri,
Asteras Villas
       ... Fira,
Asterion Hotel
       ... Platanias,
Astir Beach Hotel
       ... Gouves,
Astir Of Paros
       ... Paros,
Astor Hotel
       ... Athens,
Astoria Capsis Hotel
       ... Heraklion,
Astoria Hotel
       ... Thessaloniki,
Astra Village Hotel Suites
       ... Svoronata Kefalonia,
Astron
       ... Crete Greece,
Atalos Villas
       ... Kamari,
Atel Marina
       ... Athens,
Athena Pallas Village
       ... Elia,
Athenian Callirhoe Hotel
       ... Athens,
Athens Atrium Hotel And Suites
       ... Athens,
Athens Cypria Hotel
       ... Athens,
Athens Gate Hotel
       ... Athens,
Athens Life Gallery
       ... Ekali,
Athens Mirabello Hotel
       ... Athens,
Athens Park Hotel
       ... Athens,
Athens Zafolia Hotel
       ... Athens,
Athina Hotel
       ... Asprovalta,
Athina Palace
       ... Thessaloniki,
Athina Repose Suites
       ... Fira,
Athinaikon Hotel
       ... Heraklion,
Athos Hotel
       ... Athens,
Athos Palace
       ... Kassandra,
Atrion Hotel
       ... Heraklio,
Atrium
       ... Pefkohori,
Atrium Palace Thalasso Spa Resort
       ... Rhodes,
Attalos Hotel
       ... Athens,
Avdou Villas
       ... Heraklion,
Avdou Villas Ecotourism Facili
       ... Crete,
Avithos Resort Apartments Hotel
       ... Svoronata,
Avli Lounge Apartments
       ... Rethymno,
Avra Hotel
       ... Rafina,
Avra Hotel
       ... Agia Galini,
Baha Ammes Apartments
       ... Svoronata-kefalonia,
Balasca Hotel
       ... Athens,
Bali Beach Hotel And Village
       ... Bali,
Balmyra Beach Hotel
       ... Athens,
Bella Maris
       ... Chersonisos,
Bella Vista Hotel
       ... Benitses,
Belvedere
       ... Benitses,
Belvedere Beach Hotel
       ... Rhodes,
Belvedere Hotel
       ... Mykonos,
Belvedere Hotel Santorini
       ... Fira,
Benitses Arches
       ... Benitses,
Best Western Dore Hotel
       ... Athens,
Best Western Elysium Design
       ... Athens,
Best Western Four Seasons
       ... Glyfada,
Best Western Hotel Caterina
       ... Athens Kifissia,
Best Western Hotel Rozos
       ... Porto Heli,
Best Western Hotel Zinon
       ... Athens,
Best Western Ilisia Hotel
       ... Athens,
Best Western Lingos Hotel
       ... Florina,
Best Western Museum Hotel
       ... Athens,
Best Western Paradise Hotel
       ... Santorini,
Best Western Pythagorion Hotel
       ... Athens,
Best Western Saint George Htl
       ... Asprovalta,
Best Western The Museum Spa
       ... Oia,
Best Western Your Memories Htl
       ... Heraklion,
Best Western Zante Park Hotel
       ... Zakinthos,
Bill And Coo Suites And Lounge
       ... Mikonos Town,
Blazer Suites Hotel
       ... Athens,
Blue Aegean Aparthotel
       ... Iraklion,
Blue Angel Villa
       ... Santorini,
Blue Bay
       ... Rhodes,
Blue Horizon Hotel
       ... Ialysus,
Blue Palace Resort & Spa
       ... Elounda,
Blue Sea Beach Hotel
       ... Kos,
Blue Sea Beach Hotel-kallithea
       ... Kallithea Mun,
Blue Sea Bungalows And Beach
       ... Stalis,
Blue Sea Hotel
       ... Rhodes,
Blue Sky
       ... Rhodes,
Brascos Hotel
       ... Rethymno,
Bw Dionysos Hotel
       ... Mikonos,
Bw Esperia Palace
       ... Athens,
Bw Hotel Europa
       ... Greese,
Bw Hotel Fenix
       ... Athens,
Bw Hotel Plaza
       ... Rhodes,
Bw Porto Veneziano Hotel
       ... Chania Crete,
Bw The Park Hotel
       ... Piraeus,
Byzantion Lakonia
       ... Mystras,
Cactus Beach
       ... Stalis,
Caldera S Lilium Villa
       ... Santorini,
Caldera View Resort
       ... Santorini,
Calimera Ermones Beach Hotel
       ... Corfu,
Camari Garden Hotel Apts
       ... Rethimnon,
Canaves I Apartments
       ... Oia,
Canaves Ii Apartments
       ... Oia,
Candia Hotel
       ... Athens,
Candia Maris
       ... Heraklion,
Candia Park Village
       ... Ag Nikolaos,
Canea Mare
       ... Chania,
Capsis Bristol Hotel
       ... Thessaloniki,
Capsis Hotel Thessaloniki
       ... Thessaloniki,
Capsis Resort Crete
       ... Heraklion Crete,
Capsis Resort Crete
       ... Aghia Pelagia,
Caravel Hotel
       ... Ixia,
Caravel Hotel Zante
       ... Zakynthos,
Caravia Beach Hotel
       ... Kos Town,
Castello Di Cavalieri Suites
       ... Faliraki,
Castello Di Rodi Greek Chic Hotel
       ... Kallithea (rhodes Island),
Castello Hotel
       ... Iraklion,
Castello Village Resort
       ... Sissi,
Castro Hotel
       ... Iraklion,
Castro Hotel
       ... Santorini,
Cavo Tagoo Hotel
       ... Mikonos,
Cecil Hotel
       ... Athens,
Centro Residence
       ... Athens,
Century Resort
       ... Corfu,
Cephalonia Palace
       ... Lixouri,
Chios Chandris Hotel
       ... Chios Town,
Chrispy World
       ... Chania,
City Center Hotel
       ... Rhodes,
City Hotel
       ... Thessaloniki,
Claridge Hotel
       ... Athens,
Classical Acropol
       ... Athens,
Classical Athens Imperial
       ... Athens,
Classical Baby Grand
       ... Athens,
Classical E-filoxenia
       ... Kalamata,
Classical Egnatia Grand
       ... Alexandroupolis,
Classical Grand O' Hotel
       ... Athens,
Classical King George Palace
       ... Athens,
Classical Larissa Imperial
       ... Larisa,
Classical Makedonia Palace
       ... Thessaloniki,
Cliffside Suites
       ... Fira,
Club Hotel Loutraki
       ... Loutraki,
Contiki Mykonos Resort For 18-35s
       ... Mikonos Town,
Continental
       ... Rhodes,
Continental Palace Hotel
       ... Psalidi,
Coral Hotel
       ... Paleon Phaliron,
Coral Hotel
       ... Aghios Nikolaos,
Corfos Bay Resort
       ... Mykonos,
Corfu Chandris Hotel
       ... Dassia,
Corfu Montagnola Hotel
       ... Corfu,
Corfu Sea Gardens
       ... Lefkimmi,
Corfu Secret Hotel
       ... Corfu,
Corfu Village Bungalows
       ... Corfu Town,
Cori Rigas Traditional Apartmen
       ... Santorini,
Corissia Beach Hotel
       ... Georgioupolis,
Corissia Princess Hotel
       ... Georgioupolis,
Cosmopolitan Hotel
       ... Rhodes,
Cosmopolitan Suites
       ... Santorini,
Cosmos Hotel
       ... Athens,
Creta Maris
       ... Chersonisos,
Creta Royal
       ... Rethimnon,
Creta Star Hotel
       ... Rethimnon,
Creta Suites
       ... Ierapetra,
Cretan Dream Royal
       ... Chania,
Cretan Malia Park
       ... Malia,
Crystal City Hotel
       ... Athens,
Dalia Hotel
       ... Corfu Town,
Dana Villas
       ... Santorini,
Danai Beach Resort And Villas
       ... Nikiti,
Delfini Hotel
       ... Patra,
Delfinia Hotel
       ... Messongi,
Deliades Hotel
       ... Ornos,
Delice Hotel Apartments
       ... Athens,
Delphi Art Hotel Athens
       ... Athens,
Democritus Hotel
       ... Xanthi,
Despina And John
       ... Naxos,
Despo Hotel
       ... Gouves,
Diamond Palace
       ... Pelloponese,
Diana Hotel
       ... Zakynthos,
Diana Palace Hotel
       ... Argassi,
Dimitra Beach Hotel
       ... Kos Town,
Dimitrion Hotel
       ... Chersonisos,
Dioscouri Hotel
       ... Sparta,
Divani Apollon Palace And Spa
       ... Athens,
Divani Caravel
       ... Athens,
Divani Corfu Palace Hotel
       ... Corfu,
Divani Meteora Hotel
       ... Kalambaka,
Divani Palace Acropolis Hotel
       ... Athens,
Divani Palace Larissa
       ... Larissa,
Dolphin Bay Hotel
       ... Galissas,
Doma Hotel
       ... Chania,
Doreta Beach
       ... Rhodes,
Dorian Inn Hotel
       ... Athens,

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	Greece
	Introduction Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Transnational Issues

Greece

Introduction

Top of Page

Background:

Greece achieved its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1829. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and territories with Greek-speaking populations. Following the defeat of communist rebels in 1949, Greece joined NATO in 1952. A military dictatorship, which in 1967 suspended many political liberties and forced the king to flee the country, lasted seven years. Democratic elections in 1974 and a referendum created a parliamentary republic and abolished the monarchy; Greece joined the European Community or EC in 1981 (which became the EU in 1992).

Greece

Geography

Top of Page

Location:

Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey

Geographic coordinates:

39 00 N, 22 00 E

Map references:

Europe

Area:

total: 131,940 sq km

land: 130,800 sq km

water: 1,140 sq km

Area - comparative:

slightly smaller than Alabama

Land boundaries:

total: 1,210 km

border countries: Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 228 km

Coastline:

13,676 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

territorial sea: 6 NM

Climate:

temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers

Terrain:

mostly mountains with ranges extending into the sea as peninsulas or chains of islands

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Olympus 2,917 m

Natural resources:

bauxite, lignite, magnesite, petroleum, marble, hydropower potential

Land use:

arable land: 19%

permanent crops: 8%

permanent pastures: 41%

forests and woodland: 20%

other: 12% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:

13,140 sq km (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:

severe earthquakes

Environment - current issues:

air pollution; water pollution

Environment - international agreements:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note:

strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago of about 2,000 islands

Greece

People

Top of Page

Population:

10,623,835 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:

0-14 years: 14.98% (male 820,219; female 771,466)

15-64 years: 67.3% (male 3,580,535; female 3,569,755)

65 years and over: 17.72% (male 834,234; female 1,047,626) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.21% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:

9.83 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:

9.73 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:

1.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

6.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 78.59 years

male: 76.03 years

female: 81.32 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.33 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

0.16% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

8,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

less than 100 (1999 est.)

Nationality:

noun: Greek(s)

adjective: Greek

Ethnic groups:

Greek 98%, other 2%

note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in Greece

Religions:

Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%

Languages:

Greek 99% (official), English, French

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 95%

male: 98%

female: 93% (1991 est.)

Greece

Government

Top of Page

Country name:

conventional long form: Hellenic Republic

conventional short form: Greece

local long form: Elliniki Dhimokratia

local short form: Ellas or Ellada

former: Kingdom of Greece

Government type:

parliamentary republic; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 December 1974

Capital:

Athens

Administrative divisions:

51 prefectures (nomoi, singular - nomos)and 1 autonomous region*; Ayion Oros* (Mt. Athos), Aitolia kai Akarnania, Akhaia, Argolis, Arkadhia, Arta, Attiki, Dhodhekanisos, Drama, Evritania, Evros, Evvoia, Florina, Fokis, Fthiotis, Grevena, Ilia, Imathia, Ioannina, Irakleion, Kardhitsa, Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkyra, Khalkidhiki, Khania, Khios, Kikladhes, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Lakonia, Larisa, Lasithi, Lesvos, Levkas, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Preveza, Rethimni, Rodhopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki, Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakinthos

Independence:

1829 (from the Ottoman Empire)

National holiday:

Independence Day, 25 March (1821)

Constitution:

11 June 1975; amended March 1986

Legal system:

based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and administrative courts

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:

chief of state: President Konstandinos (Kostis) STEPHANOPOULOS (since 10 March 1995)

head of government: Prime Minister Konstandinos SIMITIS (since 19 January 1996)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 8 February 2000 (next to be held by NA March 2005); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Konstandinos STEPHANOPOULOS reelected president; percent of Parliament vote - 90%

Legislative branch:

unicameral Parliament or Vouli ton Ellinon (300 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: elections last held 9 April 2000 (next to be held by NA April 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - PASOK 43.8%, ND 42.7%, KKE 5.5%, Coalition of the Left and Progress 3.2%; seats by party - PASOK 158, ND 125, KKE 11, Coalition of the Left and Progress 6

Judicial branch:

Supreme Judicial Court; Special Supreme Tribunal; all judges appointed for life by the president after consultation with a judicial council

Political parties and leaders:

Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos) [Nikolaos KONSTANDOPOULOS]; Communist Party of Greece or KKE [Aleka PAPARIGA]; New Democracy or ND (conservative) [Konstandinos KARAMANLIS]; Panhellenic Socialist Movement or PASOK [Konstandinos SIMITIS]

Political pressure groups and leaders:

International organization participation:

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, G- 6, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNOMIG, UPU, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Alexandros PHILON

chancery: 2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 939-5800

FAX: [1] (202) 939-5824

consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco

consulate(s): Atlanta, Houston, and New Orleans

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador R. Nicholas BURNS

embassy: 91 Vasilissis Sophias Boulevard, 10160 Athens

mailing address: PSC 108, APO AE 09842-0108

telephone: [30] (1) 721-2951

FAX: [30] (1) 645-6282

consulate(s) general: Thessaloniki

Flag description:

nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; there is a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white cross; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country

Greece

Economy

Top of Page

Economy - overview:

Greece has a mixed capitalist economy with the public sector accounting for about half of GDP. Tourism is a key industry, providing a large portion of GDP and foreign exchange earnings. Greece is a major beneficiary of EU aid, equal to about 4% of GDP. The economy has improved steadily over the last few years, as the government has tightened policy in the run-up to Greece's entry into the EU's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on 1 January 2001. In particular, Greece has cut its budget deficit to below 1% of GDP and tightened monetary policy, with the result that inflation fell from 20% in 1990 to 3.1% in 2000. Major challenges remaining include the reduction of unemployment and further restructuring of the economy, including the privatization of some leading state enterprises. Growth, 3.8% in 2000, may fall off to 3%-3.5% in 2001.

GDP:

purchasing power parity - $181.9 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

3.8% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:

purchasing power parity - $17,200 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 8.3%

industry: 27.3%

services: 64.4% (1998)

Population below poverty line:

NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 3%

highest 10%: 25.3% (1993 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

3.1% (2000 est.)

Labor force:

4.32 million (1999 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:

industry 21%, agriculture 20%, services 59% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:

11.3% (2000 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $45 billion

expenditures: $47.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)

Industries:

tourism; food and tobacco processing, textiles; chemicals, metal products; mining, petroleum

Industrial production growth rate:

7% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:

46.432 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel: 89.6%

hydro: 9.72%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.68% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:

43.343 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:

1.65 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:

1.811 billion kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:

wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; beef, dairy products

Exports:

$15.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities:

manufactured goods, food and beverages, petroleum products

Exports - partners:

EU 49% (Germany 15%, Italy 13%, UK 6%), US 6% (1999)

Imports:

$33.9 billion (c.i.f., 2000)

Imports - commodities:

manufactured goods, foodstuffs, fuels, chemicals

Imports - partners:

EU 66% (Italy 15%, Germany 15%, France 9%, UK 6%) (1999)

Debt - external:

$57 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:

$5.4 billion from EU (1997 est.)

Currency:

drachma (GRD); euro (EUR)

note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in Greece (which entered the European Monetary Union on 1 January 2001) at a fixed rate of 340.750 drachmae per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002

Currency code:

GRD; EUR

Exchange rates:

drachmae per US dollar - 380.21 (December 2000), 365.40 (2000), 305.65 (1999), 295.53 (1998), 273.06 (1997), 240.71 (1996)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Greece

Communications

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Telephones - main lines in use:

5.431 million (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

937,700 (1997)

Telephone system:

general assessment: adequate, modern networks reach all areas; good mobile telephone and international service

domestic: microwave radio relay trunk system; extensive open wire connections; submarine cable to offshore islands

international: tropospheric scatter; 8 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 26, FM 88, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios:

5.02 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

36 (plus 1,341 low-power repeaters); also two stations in the US Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (1995)

Televisions:

2.54 million (1997)

Internet country code:

.gr

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

27 (2000)

Internet users:

1.33 million (1999)

Greece

Transportation

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Railways:

total: 2,548 km

standard gauge: 1,565 km 1.435-m gauge (36 km electrified; 23 km double track)

narrow gauge: 961 km 1.000-m gauge; 22 km 0.750-m gauge (a rack-type railway for steep grades)

Highways:

total: 117,000 km

paved: 107,406 km (including 470 km of expressways)

unpaved: 9,594 km (1996)

Waterways:

80 km

note: system consists of three coastal canals including the Corinth Canal (6 km) which crosses the Isthmus of Corinth connecting the Gulf of Corinth with the Saronic Gulf and shortens the sea voyage from the Adriatic to Peiraiefs (Piraeus) by 325 km; there are also three unconnected rivers

Pipelines:

crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km

Ports and harbors:

Alexandroupolis, Elefsis, Irakleion (Crete), Kavala, Kerkyra, Chalkis, Igoumenitsa, Lavrion, Patrai, Peiraiefs (Piraeus), Thessaloniki, Volos

Merchant marine:

total: 780 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 25,564,988 GRT/44,761,916 DWT

ships by type: bulk 272, cargo 55, chemical tanker 22, combination bulk 5, combination ore/oil 6, container 51, liquefied gas 5, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger 14, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 255, refrigerated cargo 3, roll on/roll off 20, short-sea passenger 63, specialized tanker 5, vehicle carrier 1

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: South Korea 1, UK 4 (2000 est.)

Airports:

81 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 65

over 3,047 m: 6

2,438 to 3,047 m: 15

1,524 to 2,437 m: 19

914 to 1,523 m: 16

under 914 m: 9 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 16

over 3,047 m: 1

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1

914 to 1,523 m: 4

under 914 m: 10 (2000 est.)

Heliports:

2 (2000 est.)

Greece

Military

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Military branches:

Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force, National Guard, Police

Military manpower - military age:

21 years of age

Military manpower - availability:

males age 15-49: 2,673,539 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:

males age 15-49: 2,040,227 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:

males: 77,976 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:

$6.12 billion (FY99/00 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

4.91% (FY99/00 est.)

Greece

Transnational Issues

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Disputes - international:

complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Turkey in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; dispute with The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia over its name

Illicit drugs:

a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece

rowspan=15
File:GreeceNumberedPerepheries.png
300px
-
1

Attica

Athens

style="text-align:right"
3,808

style="text-align:right"
1,470

style="text-align:right"
3,761,810
-
2

Central Greece (periphery)
Central Greece

Lamia (city)
Lamia

style="text-align:right"
15,549

style="text-align:right"
6,004

style="text-align:right"
605,329
-
3

Central Macedonia

Thessaloniki

style="text-align:right"
18,811

style="text-align:right"
7,263

style="text-align:right"
1,871,952
-
4

Crete

Heraklion

style="text-align:right"
8,259

style="text-align:right"
3,189

style="text-align:right"
601,131
-
5

East Macedonia and Thrace

Komotini

style="text-align:right"
14,157

style="text-align:right"
5,466

style="text-align:right"
611,067
-
6

Epirus (periphery)
Epirus

Ioannina

style="text-align:right"
9,203

style="text-align:right"
3,553

style="text-align:right"
353,820
-
7

Ionian Islands

Corfu (city)
Corfu

style="text-align:right"
2,307

style="text-align:right"
891

style="text-align:right"
212,984
-
8

North Aegean

Mytilene

style="text-align:right"
3,836

style="text-align:right"
1,481

style="text-align:right"
206,121
-
9

Peloponnese (periphery)
Peloponnese

Kalamata

style="text-align:right"
15,490

style="text-align:right"
5,981

style="text-align:right"
638,942
-
10

South Aegean

Ermoupoli

style="text-align:right"
5,286

style="text-align:right"
2,041

style="text-align:right"
302,686
-
11

Thessaly

Larissa

style="text-align:right"
14,037

style="text-align:right"
5,420

style="text-align:right"
753,888
-
12

West Greece

Patras

style="text-align:right"
11,350

style="text-align:right"
4,382

style="text-align:right"
740,506
-
13

West Macedonia

Kozani

style="text-align:right"
9,451

style="text-align:right"
3,649

style="text-align:right"
301,522
-
-

Mount Athos (Autonomous)

Karyes (Athos)
Karyes

style="text-align:right"
390

style="text-align:right"
151

style="text-align:right"
2,262
}

Foreign relations

{{Main
Foreign relations of Greece}} Prominent issues in Greek foreign policy include the enduring Cyprus conflict
dispute over Cyprus, differences with Turkey over the Aegean dispute
Aegean sea, as well as the Macedonia naming dispute
naming dispute with the Republic of Macedonia, which Greece refers to internationally by the provisional reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia".

Geography

{{Main
Geography of Greece}} File:Greece topo.jpg
thumb
left
Topographical map of Greece. {
style="float:right;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"
-

File:000 Greqia harta.PNG
center

'''File:Flag of Albania.svg
25px'''

'''Albania
Albania'''

'''File:Flag of Macedonia.svg
25px'''

'''Republic of Macedonia
Rep.

Macedonia'''

'''File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg
25px'''

'''Bulgaria
Bulgaria'''

'''File:Flag of Turkey.svg
25px'''

'''Turkey
Turkey'''

File:Flag of Greece.svg
65px

'''Greece'''

'''Athens'''

Thessaloniki

Kavala

Thasos

Alexandroupoli

Samothrace

Corfu

Igoumenitsa

Larissa

Volos

Ioannina

Chalcis

Patras

Corinth

Nafplion

Sparta

Areopoli

Piraeus

Eleusina

Laurium

Heraklio n

'''''Macedonia (Greece)
Macedonia'''''

'''''Western Thrace
Thrace'''''

'''''Epirus (periphery)
Epirus'''''

'''''Thessaly'''''

'''''Euboea'''''

'''''Central Greece'''''

'''''Peloponnese'''''

Mount Olympus
Mt.

Olympus

Lefkada

Kefalonia

Zakynthos

Lemnos

Lesbos Island
Lesbos

Chios

Samos Island
Samos

Andros

Tinos

Mykonos

Icaria

Patmos

Naxos Island
Naxos

Milos

Santorini

Kos

Rhodes

Karpathos

Kassos

Kythira

Gavdos

'''Aegean Sea
''Aegean'''''

'''Aegean Sea
''Sea'''''

'''Sea of Crete
''Sea of Crete'''''

'''Myrtoan Sea
''Myrtoan'''''

'''Myrtoan Sea
''Sea'''''

'''Ionian Sea
''Ionian'''''

'''Ionian Sea
''Sea'''''

'''Mediterranean Sea
''Mediterranean'''''

'''Mediterranean Sea
'' Sea'''''

'''''Crete'''''

'''''Aegean Islands
Aegean'''''

'''''Aegean Islands
Islands'''''

'''''Cyclades
Cyclades'''''

'''''Dodecanese
Dodecanese'''''

'''''Ionian Islands
Ionian'''''

'''''Ionian Islands
Islands'''''

} Greece consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans, the Peloponnese
Peloponnesus peninsula (separated from the mainland by the Corinth Canal
canal of the Isthmus of Corinth), and Greek islands
numerous islands (1400, 227 of which are inhabited), including Crete, Euboea, Lesbos Island
Lesbos, Chios, the Dodecanese and the Cyclades
Cycladic groups of the Aegean Sea as well as the Ionian Sea islands.

Greece has the List of countries by length of coastline
tenth longest coastline in the world with {{convert
14880
km
mi
0
abbr=on}}; its land boundary is {{convert
1160
km
mi
0
abbr=on}}. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe.

Mount Olympus (Mountain)
Mount Olympus, a focal point of Greek culture throughout history culminates at Mytikas peak {{convert
2917
m
ft
0
abbr=on}}, the highest in the country.

Once considered the throne of the Gods, it is today extremely popular among hikers and climbers.

Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the Pindus mountain range.

The Pindus reaches a maximum elevation of {{convert
2637
m
ft
0
abbr=on}} at Mt.

Smolikas and is essentially a prolongation of the Dinaric Alps.

The Vikos-Aoos Gorge is yet another spectacular formation and a popular hotspot for those fond of extreme sports.

File:Olympus Litochoro.JPG
thumb
View of Mount Olympus (Mountain)
Mount Olympus from Litochoro. File:Vikos Gorge, Epirus, Greece.jpg
thumb
Vikos Gorge, Epirus. The range continues through the central Peloponnese, crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and find its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends.

The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland.

Pindus is characterized by its high, steep peaks, often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes.

Most notably, the impressive Meteora formation consisting of high, steep boulders provides a breathtaking experience for the hundreds of thousands of tourists who visit the area each year. Northeastern Greece features another high-altitude mountain range, the Rhodope range, spreading across the periphery of East Macedonia and Thrace; this area is covered with vast, thick, ancient forests.

The famous Dadia forest is in the prefecture of Evros Prefecture
Evros, in the far northeast of the country. Expansive plains are primarily located in the prefectures of Thessaly, Central Macedonia and Western Thrace
Thrace.

They constitute key economic regions as they are among the few arable places in the country.

Rare marine species such as the Pinniped Seals and the Loggerhead Sea Turtle live in the seas surrounding mainland Greece, while its dense forests are home to the endangered brown bear, the lynx, the Roe Deer and the Wild Goat. Phytogeography
Phytogeographically, Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region.

According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests.

Climate

{{Main
Climate of Greece}} The climate of Greece can be categorised into three types (the Mediterranean, the Alpine and the Temperate) that influence well-defined regions of its territory.

The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country by making the western side of it (areas prone to the south-westerlies) wetter on average than the areas lying to the east of it (lee side of the mountains).

The Mediterranean type of climate features mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers.

The Cyclades, the Dodecanese, Crete, the Eastern Peloponnese and parts of the Sterea Ellada (Central Continental Grece) region are mostly affected by this particular type of climate.

Temperatures rarely reach extreme values along the coasts, although, with Greece being a highly mountainous country, snowfalls occur frequently in winter.

It sometimes snows even in the Cyclades or the Dodecanese. The Alpine type is dominant mainly in the mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece (parts of Epirus (periphery)
Epirus, Central Greece, Thessaly, Western Macedonia) as well as in the central parts of Peloponnese, including parts of the prefectures of Achaia, Arcadia and Laconia, where extensions of the Pindus mountain range pass by.

Finally, the Temperate type affects Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace; it features cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers with frequent thunderstorms.

Athens is located in a transitional area featuring both the Mediterranean and the Temperate types.

The city's northern suburbs are dominated by the temperate type while the downtown area and the southern suburbs enjoy a typical Mediterranean type.

Economy

{{Main
Economy of Greece}} File:GreeceEconomyGDPEnglish.png
thumb
left
GDP Growth of Greece compared to the Eurozone between 1996 and 2006. File:Main building of the bank of Greece 2008.jpg
thumb
The main building of the Bank of Greece in Athens. File:Salonica-view-aerial2.jpg
thumb
Aerial view of the central districts of Thessaloniki, Greece's second largest city and a major economic and industrial center. Annual growth of Greek GDP has surpassed the respective levels of most of its EU partners.{{cite web
url=http://www.elke.gr/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=765
title=ELKE Hellenic Center for Investment - Economic Stability
publisher=Elke.gr
date=
accessdate=2009-01-06}} The tourism industry is a major source of foreign exchange earnings and revenue accounting for 15% of Greece�s total GDP{{cite web
url=http s://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html
title=Greece}} and employing, directly or indirectly, 16Ǒ% of the total workforce.

The Greek labor force totals 4Ǖ million, and it is the second most industrious between OECD countries, after South Korea.{{cite web
author=Posted by internetakias
url=http://interne takias.gr/2008/05/28/greece-second-hardest-working/
title=?? ?????e? 2?? p?? s????? e??a??�e??? st?? ??s�?!
publisher=Internetakias.gr
date=
accessdate=2009-03-22}} The University of Groningen
Groningen Growth & Development Centre has published a poll revealing that between 1995 and 2005, Greece was the country with the largest work/hour ratio among European nations; Greeks worked an average of 1,900 hours per year, followed by the Spanish (average of 1,800 hours/year).{{cite news
author=e-go.gr , Pegasus Interactive
url=http://ww w.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=12128&subid=2&tag=8784&pubid=1114536
title=v4.ethnos.gr - O? a???e? t?? E?????? - e?d?se??, ???????a, e?d??e? d?�?s?e?se??
publisher=Ethnos.gr
date=2008-10-06
accessdate=2009-01-06}} In 2007, the List of countries by GDP (PPP) per hour worked
average worker made around 20 dollars, similar to Spain and slightly more than half of average U.S.

hourly income.

Immigrants make up nearly one-fifth of the work force, occupied mainly in agricultural and construction work. Greece's List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
purchasing power-adjusted GDP per capita is the world's 26^th highest.

According to the International Monetary Fund it has an estimated average per capita income of $30,661 for the year 2008,{{cite web
title=IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2007.

url=http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/200 8/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2008&ssd= 1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=29&pr1.y= 12&c=512%2C446%2C914%2C666%2C612%2C668%2C614%2C67 2%2C311%2C946%2C213%2C137%2C911%2C962%2C193%2C674 %2C122%2C676%2C912%2C548%2C313%2C556%2C419%2C678% 2C513%2C181%2C316%2C682%2C913%2C684%2C124%2C273%2 C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C 963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C9 18%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C62 2%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628 %2C283%2C228%2C853%2C924%2C288%2C233%2C293%2C632% 2C566%2C636%2C964%2C634%2C182%2C238%2C453%2C662%2 C968%2C960%2C922%2C423%2C714%2C935%2C862%2C128%2C 716%2C611%2C456%2C321%2C722%2C243%2C942%2C248%2C7 18%2C469%2C724%2C253%2C576%2C642%2C936%2C643%2C96 1%2C939%2C813%2C644%2C199%2C819%2C184%2C172%2C524 %2C132%2C361%2C646%2C362%2C648%2C364%2C915%2C732% 2C134%2C366%2C652%2C734%2C174%2C144%2C328%2C146%2 C258%2C463%2C656%2C528%2C654%2C923%2C336%2C738%2C 263%2C578%2C268%2C537%2C532%2C742%2C944%2C866%2C1 76%2C369%2C534%2C744%2C536%2C186%2C429%2C925%2C17 8%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158 %2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826% 2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698%2C941&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= World Economic Outlook Database-October 2008}} a figure comparable to that of Germany, France or Italy.

According to Eurostat data, Greek PPS GDP per capita stood at 95 per cent of the EU average in 2008.{{cite web
url=http://epp.euros tat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/2-25062009-BP/EN/2-25062009-BP-EN.PDF
title=GDP per capita in PPS
publisher=Eurostat
accessdate=2009-06-25}} Greece ranks 18th in the 2006 Human Development Index
HDI,{{cite web
url=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/ statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_GRC.html
title=Country Fact Sheets: Greece
accessdate=2007-04-08
publisher=hdr.undp.org
work=UNDP}} 22nd on The Economist's 2005 worldwide quality-of-life index.{{cite news
url=http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf
title=The Economist Intelligence Unit's quality-of-life index (2005)
pub

WikiPedia Information About Greece

Information from the WikiPedia.Com Website for Greece

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Export/Greece
/_TheTownGuide/Index_Layout_Leaders_wiki_Process.xsl

{{Redirect
Hellas}} {{pp-semi-indef
small=yes}}{{pp-move-indef}} {{Otheruses}} {{Infobox Country
native_name = ???????? ??�???at?a
''Elliniki� Dimokrat�a''
conventional_long_name = Hellenic Republic
common_name = Greece
image_flag = Flag of Greece.svg
image_coat = Coat of arms of Greece.svg
symbol_type = National emblem
image_coat_caption = National emblem
image_map = Location Greece EU Europe.png
map_caption = {{map_caption
location_color=green
region=Europe
region_color=grey
subregion=the European Union
subregion_color=light green
legend=EU-Greece.svg}}
national_anthem = {{polytonic
?�??? e?? t?? ??e??e??a?}}
''�mnos eis tin Elefther�an''
Hymn to Liberty{{smallsup
1}}
national_motto = Eleftheria i Thanatos, (Greek: "??e??e??a ? T??at??", ''"Freedom or Death"'') (traditional)
official_languages = Greek language
Greek
ethnic_groups =
demonym = Greeks
Greek
capital = Athens
latd=38
latm=00
latNS=N
longd=23
longm=43
longEW=E
largest_city = Athens
government_type = Parliamentary republic
leader_title1 = President of Greece
President
leader_name1 = Karolos Papoulias
leader_title2 = Prime Minister of Greece
Prime Minister
leader_name2 = George Papandreou (junior)
George Papandreou
legislature = Hellenic Parliament
Parliament
sovereignty_type = Modern statehood
established_event1 = Greek War of Independence
Independence from the Ottoman Empire
established_date1 = 25 March 1821
established_event2 = Recognized
established_date2 = 3 February 1830, in the London Protocol
established_event3 = Kingdom of Greece
established_date3 = 7 May 1832, in the London Conference of 1832
Convention of London
established_event4 = Constitution of Greece
Current constitution
established_date4 = 11 June 1975,
Constitutional history of Greece#The Third Hellenic Republic
Third Hellenic Republic
accessionEUdate = 1 January 1981
EUseats = 24
area_rank = 96^th
area_magnitude = 1 E11
area_km2 = 131,990
area_sq_mi = 50,944
percent_water = 0񲚽
population_estimate = 11,306,183{{cite web
url= http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/ table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001& tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1
title=Total population
publisher=Eurostat
date=2010-01-01
accessdate=2010-01-08}}
population_estimate_rank = 74^th
population_estimate_year = 2010
population_census = 10,964,020National Statistical Service of Greece: Population census of 18 March 2001: [http://www.statistics.gr/gr_tables/S1101_SAP_09_TB_DC_01_01_Y.pdf ''???a?a? 1.

?????s�?? ?at? f??? ?a? ?????a'']
population_census_year = 2001
population_density_km2 = 85Ǐ
population_density_sq_mi = 221ǌ
population_density_rank = 88^th
GDP_PPP =$341뙠 billion{{cite web
url=http://www.imf.org/ external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.a spx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds= .&br=1&c=174&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=44&pr.y=6
title=Greece
publisher=International Monetary Fund
accessdate=2009-10-01}}
GDP_PPP_rank = 33^rd
GDP_PPP_year = 2008
GDP_PPP_per_capita = $30,681
GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 26^th
GDP_nominal = $338뒪 billion
GDP_nominal_rank = 27^th
GDP_nominal_year = 2009
GDP_nominal_per_capita = $30,304
GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 27^th
HDI = {{increase}} 0& #46942[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf Human Development Report 2009].

The United Nations.

Retrieved 12 October 2009.
HDI_rank = 25^th
HDI_year = 2007
HDI_category = very high
Gini = 33²
Gini_year = 2005
Gini_rank = 36^th
Gini_category = low
currency = Euro (Euro sign
�)³
currency_code = EUR
country_code =
time_zone = Eastern European Time
EET
utc_offset = +2
time_zone_DST = EEST
utc_offset_DST = +3
drives_on = right
cctld = .gr⁴
calling_code = Telephone numbers in Greece
30
footnote1 = Also the national anthem of Cyprus.
footnote2 = The World Factbook
CIA World Factbook.
footnote3 = Before 2001, the Greek drachma.
footnote4 = The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. }} '''Greece''' ({{IPA-en
'gri?s
lang
en-us-Greece.ogg}}; {{lang-el
????da}}, Romanization of Greek
''Ell�da'', {{IPA-el
e'la�a
IPA
Ellada.ogg}}; {{lang-grc
?????}}, ''Hell�s'', {{IPA-el
hel?�s
IPA}}), also known as '''Hellas''' and officially the '''Hellenic Republic''' (???????? ??�???at?a, ''Elliniki� Dimokrat�a'', {{IPA-el
elini'ci �imokra'tia
IPA}}),{{cite web
url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html
publisher=www.cia.gov
work=CIA
date=2007-03-15
accessdate=2007-04-07
title=World Factbook - Greece: Government}} is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkans
Balkan Peninsula.

The country has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east.

The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.

Greece has the tenth longest coastline in the world at {{convert
14880
km
2
abbr=on
lk=out}} in length, featuring a vast number of List of islands of Greece
islands (approximately 1400, 227 of which are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others.

Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at {{convert
2917
m
2
abbr=on
lk=out}}. Modern Greece traces its roots to the civilization of ancient Greece, generally considered to be the cradle of Western culture
Western civilization.

As such, it is the birthplace of democracy,Finley, M.

I.

Democracy Ancient and Modern.

2d ed., 1985.

London: Hogarth. Western philosophy,History of Philosophy, Volume 1 by Frederick Copleston the Olympic Games, Western literature and historiography, political science, major scientific and Greek mathematics
mathematical principles, and Western drama,Brockett, Oscar G.

History of the Theatre.

sixth ed., 1991.

Boston; London: Allyn and Bacon. including both tragedy and comedy.

This legacy is partly reflected in the 17 List of World Heritage Sites in Europe#Greece
UNESCO World Heritage Sites that Greece is home to. A developed country with a very high Human Development Index,{{cite web
url=http://i mf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/groups.htm#ae
title=World Economic Outlook Database October 2009�WEO Groups and Aggregates Information
publisher=International Monetary Fund
accessdate=19 January 2010}}{{cite web
url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBS ITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:2042140 2~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html#OECD_members
title=Data - Country Groups - High-income OECD members
publisher=World Bank
accessdate=19 January 2010}}{{cite web
url=https://www.cia.gov/ library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-b.html
title=Appendix B :: International Organizations and Groups
work=The World Factbook
publisher=Central Intelligence Agency
accessdate=19 January 2010}}{{cite web
url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/
title=Human Development Report 2009 - HDI rankings
publisher=United Nations Development Programme
accessdate=19 January 2010}} Greece has been a member of what is now the European Union since 1981 and its Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
Economic and Monetary Union since 2001,{{cite web
url=http://europa.eu/abc/ european_countries/eu_members/greece/index_en.htm
publisher=europa.eu
work=European Union
accessdate=2007-04-07
title=Member States of the EU: Greece}} NATO since 1952,On the 14 August 1974 Greek forces withdrew from the integrated military structure of NATO in protest at the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus.

Greece rejoined NATO in 1980. and the European Space Agency since 2005.{{cite web
url=http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMWYQRMD6E_index_0.html
title=Greece becomes 16th ESA Member State
publisher=www.esa.int
work=European Space Agency
date=2005-03-22
accessdate=2007-04-07}} It is also a founding member of the United Nations, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OECD,{{cite web
url=http://www.oecd.org/document /7/0,2340,en_2649_201185_1915847_1_1_1_1,00.html
publisher=www.oecd.org
work=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
title=Convention on the OECD
accessdate=2007-04-07}} and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization.

Athens is the capital (political)
capital; other major cities include Thessaloniki, Patras, Heraklion and Larissa.

History

{{Main
History of Greece}} File:Parthenon.JPG
thumb
left
The Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens. File:BattleofIssus333BC-mosaic-detail1.jpg
thumb
left
Alexander the Great on his horse Bucephalus. Greece was the first area in Europe where advanced early civilizations emerged, beginning with the Minoan civilization in Crete and then the Mycenae
Mycenean civilization on the mainland.

Later, city-states emerged across the Greek peninsula and spread to the shores of the Black Sea, Magna Grecia
South Italy and Asia Minor reaching great levels of wealth
prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, expressed in Parthenon
architecture, drama, science and philosophy, and nurtured in Classical Athens
Athens under a democracy
democratic environment.

Athens and Sparta led the way in repelling the Achaemenid Empire
Persian Empire in a series of Greco-Persian Wars
battles.

Both were later overshadowed by Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)
Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter under the guidance of Alexander the Great uniting and leading the Greek world to victory over the Persians.

The Hellenistic era was brought only partially to a close two centuries later with the establishment of Roman Republic
Roman rule over Greek lands in 146 BC.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6930285.stm Alexander's Gulf outpost uncovered].

''BBC News.'' August 7, 2007. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch, Seleucia and the many other new Hellenistic cities in Seleucid Empire
Asia and Ptolemaic Kingdom
Africa founded in Alexander's wake.{{cite web
url=http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/morris/120509.pdf
title=Growth of the Greek Colonies in the First Millenium BC (application/pdf Object)
publisher=www.princeton.edu
accessdate=2009-01-02
last=
first=}} File:The Byzantine Empire, c񰥼.PNG
thumb
The Greek peninsula as a part of the Byzantine Empire in purple, c񰥼, at the end of the Komnenian period. File:Lytras-n ikiforos-pyrpolisi-tourkikis-navarhidas-apo-kanari.jpeg
thumb
left
The destruction of the Turkish flagship at Chios by Constantine Kanaris, during the Greek War of Independence
Greek Revolution (1821-1830).

Painted by Nikiphoros Lytras. The subsequent mixture of Ancient Rome
Roman and Hellenic cultures took form in the establishment of the Byzantine Empire in 330 AD around Constantinople.

Byzantium remained a major cultural and military power for the next 1,123 years, until the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

On the Byzantine�Ottoman Wars
eve of the Ottoman conquest, much of the Greek intelligentsia migrated to Italy and other parts of Europe not under Ottoman rule, playing a significant role in the Renaissance through the transmission of ancient Greek works to Western Europe.{{cite news
url=http://www.economist.c om/diversions/millennium/displaystory.cfm?story_id=346800
title=Millennium issue: Trouble with Turkey The fall of Constantinople Economist.com
publisher=Economist.com
date=1997-03-20
accessdate=2009-01-06}} Nevertheless, the Millet (Ottoman Empire)
Ottoman millet system contributed to the cohesion of the Orthodox Greeks by segregating the various peoples within the empire based on religion, as the latter played an integral role in the formation of modern Greek identity. After the Greek War of Independence, successfully waged against the Ottoman Empire from 1821 to 1829, the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830.

In 1827, Ioannis Kapodistrias, from Ionian Islands, was chosen as the first governor of the new Republic.

However, following his assassination, the Great Powers installed a Kingdom of Greece
monarchy under Otto of Greece
Otto, of the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach.

In 1843, an uprising forced the King to grant a constitution and a representative assembly.

Due to his unimpaired authoritarian rule, he was eventually dethroned in 1863 and replaced by Prince Vilhelm (William) of Denmark, who took the name George I of Greece
George I and brought with him the Ionian Islands as a coronation gift from United Kingdom
Britain.

In 1877, Charilaos Trikoupis, who is attributed with the significant improvement of the country's infrastructure, curbed the power of the monarchy to interfere in the assembly by issuing the rule of vote of confidence to any potential prime minister.

= 20th century

= File:Constantine at war.jpg
thumb
King Constantine I of Greece
Constantine I (centre) and Eleftherios Venizelos (seated, with back to camera) in 1913, during the Balkan Wars. As a result of the Balkan Wars, Greece increased the extent of its territory and population.

In the following years, the struggle between Constantine I of Greece
King Constantine I and charismatic Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos over the country's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country's political scene, and divided the country into National Schism
two opposed groups. In the aftermath of WWI, Greece Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)
fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal Atat�rk
Mustafa Kemal, a war which resulted in a Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne.[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope].

Spiegel Online.

November 28, 2006. According to various sources,R.

J.

Rummel, The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective, 1998, Idea Journal of Social Issues, VolǏ noǎ several hundred thousand Pontic Greeks died during this period.Chris Hedges.

[ht tp://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/17/nyregion/a- few-words-in-greek-tell-of-a-homeland-lost.html A Few Words in Greek Tell of a Homeland Lost].

The New York Times.

September 17, 2000. Instability and successive coup d'�tat
coups d'�tat marked the following era, which was overshadowed by the massive task of incorporating 1Ǒ million Greek Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
refugees from Turkey into Greek society.

On 28 October 1940 Fascist Kingdom of Italy (1861�1946)
Italy demanded the surrender of Greece, but Greek dictator Ioannis Metaxas refused and in the following Greco-Italian War, Greece repelled Italian forces into Albania, giving the Allies of World War II
Allies their first victory over Axis powers
Axis forces on land.

The country would eventually fall to urgently dispatched German forces during the Battle of Greece.

The German occupiers nevertheless met serious challenges from the Greek Resistance.

Over 100,000 civilians died from starvation during the winter of 1941�42.

In 1943 virtually the entire History of the Jews in Greece
Jewish population was deported to Nazi extermination camps.[http://ww w.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26430/Greek-history-since-World-War-I Greece].

Britannica Online Encyclopedia. File:Greekhistory.GIF
thumb
Territorial evolution of Greece until 1947. After liberation, Greece experienced a bitter Greek Civil War
civil war between communism
communist and anticommunist forces, which led to economic devastation and severe social tensions between right-wing politics
rightists and largely communist left-wing politics
leftists for the next 30 years.Mazower, Mark.

''After the War was Over'' The next 20 years were characterized by marginalisation of the left in the political and social spheres but also by Greek economic miracle
rapid economic growth, propelled in part by the Marshall Plan. King Constantine II of Greece
Constantine's Apostasia of 1965
dismissal of George Papandreou (senior)
George Papandreou's centrist government in July 1965 prompted a prolonged period of political turbulence which culminated in a coup d'�tat on 21 April 1967 by the United States-backed Greek military junta of 1967�1974
Regime of the Colonels.

The brutal suppression of the Athens Polytechnic uprising on 17 November 1973 sent shockwaves through the regime, and a counter-coup established Brigadier Dimitrios Ioannidis as dictator.

On 20 July 1974, as Turkey Turkish invasion of Cyprus
invaded the island of Cyprus, the regime collapsed. Former premier Konstantinos Karamanlis was invited back from Paris where he had lived in self-exile since 1963, marking the beginning of the Metapolitefsi era.

On the 14 August 1974 Greek forces withdrew from the integrated military structure of NATO in protest at the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus.History, Editorial Consultant: Adam Hart-Davis, Dorling Kindersley Limited publisher, ISBN 978 1 8561 3062 2{{cite web
url=http://www.nato.int/docu/update/70-79/1974e.htm
title=NATO Update 1974
publisher=Nato.int
date=2001-10-26
accessdate=2009-03-22}} The first multiparty Greek legislative election, 1974
elections since 1964 were held on the first anniversary of the Polytechnic uprising.

A democratic and republican Constitution of Greece
constitution was promulgated on 11 June 1975 following a Greek republic referendum, 1974
referendum which abolished the monarchy.

Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative New Democracy (Greece)
New Democracy party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since.

Greece rejoined NATO in 1980. Traditionally strained Greek�Turkish relations
relations with neighbouring Turkey Greek�Turkish earthquake diplomacy
improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999, leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's Accession of Turkey to the European Union
bid for EU membership. Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities (subsequently subsumed by the European Union) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of remarkable and sustained economic growth.

Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast-growing service sector have raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels.

The country adopted the euro in 2001 and successfully hosted the 2004 Summer Olympics
2004 Olympic Games in Athens.

Government and politics

{{Main
Politics of Greece
List of political parties in Greece}} File:Hellenic Parliament from high above.jpg
thumb
left
The Hellenic Parliament in central Athens. File:Ioannis Kapodistrias (1776-1831).jpg
thumb
150px
Ioannis Kapodistrias (1776�1831),first head of state of independent Greece. File:Karolos Papoulias .jpg
150px
thumb
The current President of Greece, Karolos Papoulias. Greece is a parliamentary republic.{{cite web
url=http://www.parliament.gr/english/politeuma/syntagma.pdf
title=syntagma.qxd
format=PDF
language={{el icon}}
date=
accessdate=2009-08-02}} The nominal head of state is the President of Greece
President of the Republic, who is elected by the Hellenic Parliament
Parliament for a five-year term. The current Constitution of Greece
Constitution was drawn up and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 after the fall of the Greek military junta of 1967-1974
military junta of 1967�1974.

It has been revised twice since, in 1986 and in Greek Constitutional amendment of 2001
2001.

The Constitution, which consists of 120 articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive branch
executive, legislative branch
legislative, and judicial branches, and grants extensive specific guarantees (further reinforced in 2001) of civil liberties and social rights.P.D.

Dagtoglou, ''Individual Rights'', I, 21 & E.

Venizelos, ''The "Acquis" of the Constitutional Revision'', 131�132, 165�172 Women's suffrage was guaranteed with a 1952 Constitutional amendment.

According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Cabinet of Greece
Government. From the Greek Constitutional amendment of 1986
Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister.K.

Mavrias, ''Constitutional Law'', 477�478, 486�487 The position of Prime Minister of Greece
Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the List of Prime Ministers of Greece
current leader of the List of political parties in Greece
political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament.

The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet. Legislative powers are exercised by a 300-member elective unicameralism
unicameral Parliament. Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic. Elections in Greece#Election of the legislature
Parliamentary elections are held every four years, but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance. The President is also obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier, if the opposition manages to pass a motion of no confidence. The Judicial system of Greece
Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and comprises three Supreme Courts: the Court of Cassation (Greece)
Court of Cassation (??e??? ?????), the Council of State (Greece)
Council of State (S?��????? t?? ?p???ate?a?) and the Chamber of Accounts (Greece)
Court of Auditors (??e??t??? S???d???).

The Judiciary system is also composed of civil courts, which judge civil and penal cases and administrative courts, which judge disputes between the citizens and the Greek administrative authorities.

Political parties

{{Main
Political parties of Greece}} Since the restoration of democracy, the Greek two-party system is dominated by the liberal-conservative New Democracy (Greece)
New Democracy (ND) and the social-democratic Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK).For a diachronic analysis of the Greek party system see T.

Pappas, ''Transformation of the Greek Party System Since 1951'', 90-114, who distinguishes three distinct types of party system which developed in consecutive order, namely, a predominant-party system (from 1952 to 1963), a system of polarised pluralism (between 1963 and 1981), and a two-party system (since 1981). Other significant parties include the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), the Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) and the Popular Orthodox Rally (LAOS).

The current prime minister is George Papandreou (junior)
George Papandreou, president of the PASOK, who on Greek legislative election, 2009
October 4, 2009, won with a majority in the Parliament of 160 out of 300 seats.

Peripheries and prefectures

{{Main
Peripheries of Greece
Prefectures of Greece
Municipalities and communities of Greece}} Administratively, Greece consists of thirteen peripheries subdivided into a total of fifty-one prefectures ({{lang
el
''nomoi''}}, singular {{lang-el
prefectures of Greece
nomos}}).

There is also one autonomous area, Mount Athos ({{lang-el
Agio Oros}}, "Holy Mountain"), which borders the periphery of Central Macedonia. {
class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
- style="font-size:100%; text-align:center;" ! Map !! Number !! Peripheries of Greece
Periphery !! Capital (political)
Capital !! Area (km�)!! Area (sq mi)!!Population

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