WikiPedia Information About Mali
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Export/Mali
/_TheTownGuide/Index_Layout_Leaders_wiki_Process.xsl
{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Country
native_name = ''République du Mali''
conventional_long_name = Republic of Mali
common_name = Mali
image_flag = Flag of Mali.svg
image_coat = Mali coa.gif
image_map = LocationMali.svg
national_motto = "Un peuple, un but, une foi"
"One people, one goal, one faith"
national_anthem = ''Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali
Le Mali''
" Mali"[[http://www.koulouba.pr&# 46ml/spip.php?article93&calendrier_mois=9&calendrier_annee=2008 Presidency of Mali: Symboles de la République, L’Hymne National du Mali]]
official_languages = French language
French
languages_type = Vernacular
Vernacular languages
languages = Bambara language
Bambara
demonym = Malian
capital = Bamako
latd=12
latm=39
latNS=N
longd=8
longm=0
longEW=W
largest_city = Bamako
government_type = Semi-presidential system
Semi-presidential republic
leader_title1 = List of Presidents of Mali
President
leader_title2 = Heads of Government of Mali
Prime Minister
leader_name1 = Amadou Toumani Touré
leader_name2 = Modibo Sidibé
area_rank = 24th
area_magnitude = 1 E12
area_km2 = 1,240,192
area_sq_mi = 478,839
percent_water = 1ǒ
population_estimate =
population_estimate_rank =
population_estimate_year =
population_census = 14,517,176[{{cite web]
url=http://instat.gov.ml/voir_actu.aspx?lactu=44
title=Mali preliminary 2009 census
publisher=Institut National de la Statistique
accessdate=January 12, 2010}}
population_census_rank = 67th
population_census_year = April 2009
population_density_km2 = 11Ǔ
population_density_sq_mi = 30Ǐ
population_density_rank = 215th
GDP_PPP = $15됄 billion[{{cite web]
url=http://www.imf.or g/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept 6aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&d s=.&br=1&c=678&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=45&pr.y=14
title=Mali
publisher=International Monetary Fund
accessdate=2009-10-01}}
GDP_PPP_rank =
GDP_PPP_year = 2008
GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,129[
]
GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
GDP_nominal = $8뚶 billion[
]
GDP_nominal_year = 2008
GDP_nominal_per_capita = $656[
]
sovereignty_type = History of Mali
Independence
sovereignty_note = from France
established_event1 = Declared
established_date1 = September 22, 1960
HDI = {{decrease}} 0딣
HDI_rank = 178rd
HDI_year = 2007
HDI_category = low
Gini = 50Ǒ
Gini_year = 1994
Gini_category = high
currency = West African CFA franc
currency_code = XOF
country_code = MLI
time_zone = GMT
utc_offset = +0
time_zone_DST = ''not observed''
utc_offset_DST = +0
drives_on = right[[http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ Which side of the road do they drive on?] Brian Lucas.]
August 2005.
Retrieved 2009-01-28.
cctld = .ml
calling_code = 223
footnotes =
}}
'''Mali''', officially the '''Republic of Mali''' ({{lang-fr
République du Mali}}), is a landlocked country in West Africa
Western Africa.
Mali is the seventh largest country in Africa, bordering Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west.
Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with a population more than 14 million.
Its capital is Bamako.
Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara, while the country's southern region, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger River
Niger and Sénégal River
Sénégal rivers.
The country's economic structure centers around agriculture and fishing.
Some of Mali's natural resources include gold, uranium, and salt.
Mali is considered to be one of the poorest nations in the world.
Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire (from which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire.
In the late 1800s, Mali fell under French control, becoming part of French Sudan.
Mali gained independence in 1959 with Senegal, as the Mali Federation.
A year later, the Mali Federation became the independent nation of Mali.
After a long period of one-party rule, a 1991 coup led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state.
About half the population live below the international poverty line of US$1ሑ a day.[[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf ''Human Development Indices''], Table 3: Human and income poverty, p.]
35.
Retrieved on 1 June 2009
History
{{main
History of Mali}}
Mali was once part of three famed West African empires which controlled trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, slaves, and other precious commodities.[Mali country profile, p.]
1. These Sahelian kingdoms had neither rigid geopolitical boundaries nor rigid ethnic identities.[ The earliest of these empires was the Ghana Empire, which was dominated by the Soninke people]
Soninke, a Mande languages
Mande-speaking people.[ The nation expanded throughout West Africa from the 8th century until 1078, when it was conquered by the Almoravids.][Mali country profile, p.]
2.
File:MALI empire map.PNG
The extent of the Mali Empire's peak
thumb
left
The Mali Empire later formed on the upper Niger River, and reached the height of power in the fourteenth century.[ Under the Mali Empire, the ancient cities of Djenné and Timbuktu were centers of both trade and Islamic learning.][ The empire later declined as a result of internal intrigue, ultimately being supplanted by the Songhai Empire.][ The Songhai people originated in current northwestern Nigeria.]
The Songhai had long been a major power in West Africa subject to the Mali Empire's rule.[
In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire.][ The Songhai Empire's eventual collapse was largely the result of a Saadi dynasty]
Moroccan invasion in 1591, under the command of Judar Pasha.[ The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading crossroads.][ Following the European exploration of Africa]
establishment of sea routes by the European powers, the trans-Saharan trade routes lost significance.[ The worst recorded famine occurred between 1738 and 1756, killing about half of the population of Timbuktu.][[http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/desclim.html Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs ‘Natural’ Climate Trends]]
In the colonial era, Mali fell under the control of the French beginning in the late 19th century.[ By 1905, most of the area was under firm French control as a part of French Sudan.][ In early 1959, Mali (then the Sudanese Republic) and Senegal united to become the Mali Federation.]
The Mali Federation gained independence from France on June 20, 1960.[ Senegal withdrew from the federation in August 1960, which allowed the Sudanese Republic to form the independent nation of Mali on September 22, 1960.]
Modibo Keïta was elected the first president.[ Keïta quickly established a one-party state, adopted an independent African and socialist orientation with close ties to the East, and implemented extensive nationalization of economic resources.][
In November 1968, following progressive economic decline, the Keïta regime was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by Moussa Traoré.][Mali country profile, p.]
3. The subsequent military-led regime, with Traoré as president, attempted to reform the economy.
However, his efforts were frustrated by political turmoil and a devastating Sahel drought
drought between 1968 to 1974,[ which killed thousands of people from famine.]["[http: //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4132326.stm Mali's nomads face famine]".]
BBC News.
August 9, 2005. The Traoré regime faced student unrest beginning in the late 1970s and three coup attempts.
However, the Traoré regime repressed all dissenters until the late 1980s.[
The government continued to attempt economic reforms, and the populace became increasingly dissatisfied.][ In response to growing demands for multi-party democracy, the Traoré regime allowed some limited political liberalization, but refused to usher in a full-fledged democratic system.][ In 1990, cohesive opposition movements began to emerge, and was complicated by the turbulent rise of ethnic violence in the north following the return of many Tuaregs to Mali.][
Anti-government protests in 1991 led to a coup, a transitional government, and a Constitution of Mali]
new constitution.[ In 1992, Alpha Oumar Konaré won Mali's first democracy]
democratic, multi-party presidential election.
Upon his reelection in 1997, President Konaré pushed through political and economic reforms and fought corruption.
In 2002, he was succeeded in democratic elections by Amadou Toumani Touré, a retired general, who had been the leader of the military aspect of the 1991 democratic uprising.[Mali country profile, p.]
4. Today, Mali is one of the most politically and socially stable countries in Africa.[[http:/ /www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/countries/mali/ USAID Africa: Mali].]
USAID.
Last accessed: May 15, 2008.
Retrieved on: June 3, 2008.
Geography
File:Mali sat.png
Satellite image of Mali
thumb
File:Hand der Fatima.jpg
right
Landscape in Hombori
thumb
{{main
Geography of Mali}}
{{See also
List of cities in Mali}}
Mali is a landlocked nation in West Africa, located southwest of Algeria.
At {{convert
1240000
km2
sqmi
0}}, Mali is the world's List of countries and outlying territories by total area
24th-largest country and is comparable in size to South Africa or Angola.
Most of the country lies in the southern Sahara, which produces a hot, dust-laden Sudan (region)
Sudanian savanna zone.[Mali country profile, p.]
5. Mali is mostly flat, rising to rolling northern plains covered by sand.
The Adrar des Ifoghas lies in the northeast.
The country's climate ranges from tropical in the south to arid in the north.[ Most of the country receives negligible rainfall; droughts are frequent.][ Late June to early December is the rainy season.]
During this time, flooding of the Niger River is common, creating the Inner Niger Delta.[ The nation has considerable natural resources, with gold, uranium, phosphates, kaolinite, salt and limestone being most widely exploited.]
Mali faces numerous environmental challenges, including desertification, deforestation, soil erosion, and inadequate Water supply
supplies of potable water.[ Martin, p. 134.] Each region has a governor.[DiPiazza, p.]
37. Since Mali's regions are very large, the country is subdivided into 49 Cercle (Mali)
cercles, totaling 288 arrondissements.[{{cite web]
url=http://www.haverford.edu/publications/Fall%2006/Timbuctoo.htm
title=From Here to Timbuctoo: A story of discovery in West Africa
accessdate=2008-06-03
last=Imperato
first=Gavin
year=2006
publisher=Haverford College
Haverford }} Mayors and elected members of the city councils officiate the arrondissements.[
The Regions of Mali]
regions and districts are:
*Gao Region
Gao
*Kayes Region
Kayes
*Kidal Region
Kidal
*Koulikoro Region
Koulikoro
*Mopti Region
Mopti
*Ségou Region
Ségou
*Sikasso Region
Sikasso
*Tombouctou Region
Tombouctou (Timbuktu)
*Bamako Capital District
Bamako (capital district)
Politics and government
File:Toure-folklife2.jpg
Mali President Amadou Toumani Touré
thumb
right
{{main
Politics of Mali}}
Mali is a constitutional democracy governed by the constitution of January 12, 1992, which was amended in 1999.[ The constitution provides for a separation of powers among the executive (government)]
executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.[Mali country profile, p.]
14. The system of government can be described as "semi-presidential."[
Executive power is vested in a president, who is elected to a five-year term by universal suffrage and is limited to two terms.][Constitution of Mali, Art.]
30. The president serves as chief of state and commander in chief of the armed forces.[Constitution of Mali, Art.]
29 & 46. A prime minister appointed by the president serves as head of government and in turn appoints the Council of Ministers.[Constitution of Mali, Art.]
38. The unicameral National Assembly is Mali’s sole legislative body, consisting of deputies elected to five-year terms.[Mali country profile, p.]
15.[Constitution of Mali, Art.]
59 & 61. Following the 2007 elections, the Alliance for Democracy and Progress (Mali)
Alliance for Democracy and Progress held 113 of 160 seats in the assembly.[{{fr icon}} Koné, Denis.]
[http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200708131307.html Mali: "Résultats définitifs des Législatives"].
''Les Échos (Mali)
Les Echos'' (Bamako) (August 13, 2007).
Retrieved on June 24, 2008. The assembly holds two regular sessions each year, during which it debates and votes on legislation that has been submitted by a member or by the government.[Constitution of Mali, Art.]
65. Democracy-wise things looked positive after the local elections at the end of April 2009, though significant shortcomings and attempts at manipulation still existed.
Philip Kusch sees the challenges Mali still faces.
[http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/166399/index.en.shtml Compulsory and meaningful event]
Mali’s constitution provides for an independent judiciary,[Constitution of Mali, Art.]
81. but the executive continues to exercise influence over the judiciary by virtue of power to appoint judges and oversee both judicial functions and law enforcement.[ Mali's highest courts are the Supreme Court, which has both judicial and administrative powers, and a separate Constitutional Court that provides judicial review of legislative acts and serves as an election arbiter.][Constitution of Mali, Art.]
83-94. Various lower courts exist, though village chiefs and elders resolve most local disputes in rural areas.[
]
Foreign relations and military
{{main
Foreign relations of Mali
Military of Mali}}
File:George Bush and Amadou Toumani Toure.jpg
Malian President Amadou Toumani Touré with former U.S.
President George W.
Bush
thumb
Foreign relations of Mali
Mali's foreign policy orientation has become increasingly pragmatic and pro-Western over time.[Mali country profile, p.]
17. Since the 2000s in Mali
institution of a democratic form of government in 2002, Mali’s relations with the West in general and Mali-United States relations
with the United States in particular have improved significantly.[ Mali has a longstanding yet ambivalent relationship with France, a French Sudan]
former colonial ruler.[ Mali is active in regional organizations such as the African Union.][ Working to control and resolve regional conflicts, such as in Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, is one of Mali’s major foreign policy goals.][ Mali feels threatened by the potential for the spillover of conflicts in neighboring states, and relations with those neighbors are often uneasy.][ General insecurity along borders in the north, including cross-border banditry and terrorism, remain troubling issues in regional relations.][
Military of Mali]
Mali’s military forces consist of an army, which includes land forces and air force,[[h ttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html CIA - The World Factbook - Mali]] as well as the paramilitary Gendarmerie and Republican Guard, all of which are under the control of Mali's Ministry of Defense and Veterans, civilian control of the military
headed by a civilian.[Mali country profile, p.]
18. The military is underpaid, poorly equipped, and in need of rationalization.[ Organization has suffered from the incorporation of Tuareg irregular forces into the regular military following a First Tuareg Rebellion]
1992 agreement between the government and Tuareg rebel forces.[ The military has generally kept a low profile since the democratic transition of 1992.]
The incumbent president, Amadou Toumani Touré, is a former army general and as such reportedly enjoys widespread military support.[ In the annual human rights report for 2003, the U.S.]
Department of State rated civilian control of security forces as generally effective but noted a few "instances in which elements of the security forces acted independently of government authority."[
]
Economy
File:Kati market street (and Amadu).jpg
thumb
left
Market scene in Kati
{{main
Economy of Mali}}
Mali is one of the poorest countries in the world.[{{cite web ]
author=Central Intelligence Agency
authorlink=CIA
publisher=The World Factbook
title=Mali
url=https://www.cia&# 46gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html
year=2009
accessdate=January 12, 2010}} The average worker's annual salary is approximately US$1,500.[ Between 1992 and 1995, Mali implemented an economic adjustment program that resulted in economic growth and a reduction in financial imbalances.]
The program increased social and economic conditions, and led to Mali joining the World Trade Organization on May 31, 1995.[{{cite web]
title=Mali
url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm
accessdate=2008-06-04
date=2008-05
publisher=U.S.
State Department }} The gross domestic product (GDP) has risen since.
In 2002, the GDP amounted to US$3ǐ billion,[Mali country profile, p.]
9. and increased to US$5ǔ billion in 2005,[{{cite web]
title=Mali
url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm
accessdate=2008-06-04
month=May
year=2008
publisher=U.S.
State Department }} which amounts to an approximately 17ǒ% annual growth rate.
Mali's key industry is agriculture.
Cotton is the country's largest crop export and is exported west throughout Senegal and the Ivory Coast.[{{cite news ]
first=Briony
last=Hale
coauthors=
title=Mali's Golden Hope
date=1998-05-13
publisher=BBC
url =http: //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1945588.stm
work =BBC News
pages =
accessdate = 2008-06-04
language = }}[Cavendish, p.]
1367. During 2002, 620,000 tons of cotton were produced in Mali but cotton prices declined significantly in 2003.[ In addition to cotton, Mali produces rice, millet, Maize]
corn, vegetables, tobacco, and tree crops.
Gold, livestock and agriculture amount to eighty percent of Mali's exports.[ However, seasonal variations lead to regular temporary employment]
temporary unemployment of agricultural workers.[May, p.]
291. Mali's resource in livestock consists of millions of cattle, sheep, and goats.
Approximately 40% of Mali's herds were lost during the Sahel drought in 19 72-74.["[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Mali]".]
U.S.
Department of State.
File:Porter - Mali.jpg
thumb
right
A porter hauling hay
In 1991, with the assistance of the International Development Association, Mali relaxed the enforcement of mining codes which led to renewed foreign interest and investment in the mining industry.[Campbell, p.]
43. Gold is mined in the southern region and Mali has the third highest gold production in Africa (after South Africa and Ghana).[ The emergence of gold as Mali’s leading export product since 1999 has helped mitigate some of the negative impact of the cotton and Côte d’Ivoire crises.][African Development Bank, p.]
186. Other natural resources include kaolin, salt, phosphate, and limestone.
In 2002, 700 KWh#Multiples
GWh of hydroelectric power were produced in Mali.[
The Malian government participates in foreign involvement, concerning commerce and privatization.]
Mali underwent economic reform, beginning in 1988 by signing agreements with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
Since the agreement, sixteen enterprises were privatized, twelve partially privatized, and twenty liquidated.[
{{Citation
]
title = OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa
url = http://www.ohada.com/index.php
accessdate = 2009-03-22}}
Demographics
File:Mali - Bozo girl in Bamako.jpg
thumb
right
upright
A Bozo people
Bozo girl in Bamako
{{main
Demographics of Mali}}
In July 2009, Mali's population was an estimated 13 million, with an annual growth rate of 2Ǔ%.[ The population is predominantly rural (68% in 2002), and 5–10% of Malians are nomadic.][Mali country profile, p.]
6. More than 90% of the population lives in the southern part of the country, especially in Bamako, which has over 1 million residents.[
In 2007, about 48% of Malians were less than fifteen years old, 49% were 15–64 years old, and 3% were 65 and older.][ The median age was 15Ǖ years.][ The birth rate in 2007 was 49ǒ births per 1,000, and the total fertility rate was 7ǐ children per woman.][ The death rate in 2007 was 16Ǒ deaths per 1,000.][ Life expectancy at birth was 49Ǒ years total (47ǒ for males and 51Ǒ for females).][ Mali has one of the List of countries by infant mortality rate]
world's highest rates of infant mortality,[ with 106 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2007.][
Mali’s population encompasses a number of sub-Saharan ethnic groups, most of which have historical, cultural, linguistic, and religious commonalities.][ The Bambara people]
Bambara are by far the largest single ethnic group, making up 36Ǒ% of the population.[ Collectively, the Bambara, Soninke people]
Soninké, Khassonké, and Mandinka people
Malinké, all part of the broader Mandé group, constitute 50% of Mali's population.[ Other significant groups are the Peul (17%), Voltaic people]
Voltaic (12%), Songhai people
Songhai (6%), and Tuareg and Moors
Moor (10%).[ Mali historically has enjoyed reasonably good inter-ethnic relations; however, some hereditary servitude relationships exist,]["[http://new s.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1206_021205_salakkayak.html Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade]".]
National Geographic News.
December 5, 2002. as do ethnic tensions between the Songhai people
Songhai and the Tuareg.[ Over the past 40 years, persistent Sahel drought]
drought has forced many Tuareg to give up their nomadic way of life.["[http://www.n pr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11608264 Drought Forces Desert Nomads to Settle Down]".]
NPR: National Public Radio.
July 2, 2007.
Mali’s official language is French, but numerous (40 or more) African languages also are widely used by the various ethnic groups.[ About 80% of Mali’s population can communicate in Bambara language]
Bambara, which is the country’s principal lingua franca and marketplace language.[
]
Religion
{{main
Religion in Mali}}
{{bar box
title=Religion in Mali[
]
titlebar=#ddd
left1=religion
right1=percent
float=right
bars=
{{bar percent
Islam
green
90}}
{{bar percent
Christianity
blue
5}}
{{bar percent
Indigenous religion
Indigenous
red
5}}
}}
An estimated 90% of Malians are Islam in Mali
Muslim (mostly Sunni), approximately 5% are Christian (about two-thirds Roman Catholicism in Mali
Roman Catholic and one-third Protestant) and the remaining 5% adhere to African traditional religion
indigenous or traditional animist beliefs.[[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108379.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Mali]] Atheism and agnosticism are believed to be rare among Malians, most of whom practice their religion on a daily basis.[ Islam as practiced in Mali is moderate, tolerant, and adapted to local conditions; relations between Muslims and practitioners of minority religious faiths are generally amicable.][ The constitution establishes a secular state and provides for freedom of religion, and the government largely respects this right.][
]
Health and education
{{main
Health in Mali
Education in Mali}}
'''Mali''' faces numerous health challenges related to poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation.[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Mali.pdf, p.]
7. Mali's health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world.[ In 2000, only 62–65 percent of the population was estimated to have access to safe drinking water and only 69 percent to sanitation services of some kind.][ In 2001, the general government expenditures on health totaled about US$4 per capita at an average exchange rate.][http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Mali.pdf Mali country profile, p.]
8. Medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in short supply.[ Malaria and other arthropod-borne diseases are prevalent in Mali, as are a number of infectious diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis.][ Mali’s population also suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of immunization.][ An estimated 1Ǖ percent of the adult and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year, among the lowest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa.][
File:Lycéens kati.jpg]
High school students in Kati, Mali
thumb
Public education in Mali is in principle provided free of charge and is compulsory for nine years between the ages of seven and 16.[ The system encompasses six years of primary education beginning at age seven, followed by six years of secondary education.][ However, Mali’s actual primary school enrollment rate is low, in large part because families are unable to cover the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, and other fees required to attend.][ In the 2000–01 school year, the primary school enrollment rate was 61% (71% of males and 51% of females); in the late 1990s, the secondary school enrollment rate was 15% percent (20% of males and 10% of females).][ The education system is plagued by a lack of schools in rural areas, as well as shortages of teachers and materials.][ Estimates of literacy rates in Mali range from 27–30% to 46ǐ%, with literacy rates significantly lower among women than men.][
]
Culture
{{main
Culture of Mali}}
File:Amadou & Mariam.jpg
Malian musical duo Amadou et Mariam are known internationally for their music combining Malian and international influences.
thumb
Malian musical traditions are derived from the griots, who are known as "Keeper of Memories".[Michelle Crabill and Bruce Tiso.]
[http://www.fcps.edu/KingsParkES/technology/mali/malihis.htm Mali Resource Website].
Fairfax County Public Schools.
January 2003.
Retrieved on June 4, 2008.
music of Mali
Malian music is diverse and has several different genres.
Some famous Malian influences in music are kora(instrument)
kora virtouso musician Toumani Diabaté, the late roots and blues guitarist Ali Farka Touré, the Tuareg band Tinariwen, and several Afro-pop artists such as Salif Keita, the duo Amadou et Mariam, Oumou Sangare, and Habib Koité.
Though Mali's literature is less famous than its music,[Velton, p.]
29. Mali has always been one of Africa's liveliest intellectual centers.[ Mali's literary tradition is passed mainly by word of mouth, with ''jalis'' reciting or singing histories and stories known by heart.][Milet & Manaud, p.]
128.[Velton, p.]
28. Amadou Hampâté Bâ, Mali's best-known historian, spent much of his life writing these oral traditions down for the world to remember.[ The best-known novel by a Malian writer is Yambo Ouologuem's ''Le devoir de violence'', which won the 1968 Prix Renaudot but whose legacy was marred by accusations of plagiarism.][ Other well-known Malian writers include Baba Traoré, Modibo Sounkalo Keita, Massa Makan Diabaté, Moussa Konaté, and Fily Dabo Sissoko.][
The varied everyday culture of Malians reflects the country's ethnic and geographic diversity.][Pye-Smith & Drisdelle, p.]
13. Most Malians wear flowing, colorful robes called boubou (clothing)
boubous that are typical of West Africa.
Malians frequently participate in traditional festivals, dances, and ceremonies.[ Rice and millet are the staples of Malian cuisine, which is heavily based on cereal grains.][Velton, p.]
30.[ Grains are generally prepared with sauces made from leaves such spinach or baobab leaves, with tomato, or with peanut sauce, and may be accompanied by pieces of grilled meat (typically chicken, mutton, beef, or goat).][Milet & Manaud, p.]
146. Malian cuisine varies regionally.[
]
Sport
File:Mali football.jpg
thumb
right
Malian children playing football in a Dogon village.
The Football in Mali
most popular sport in Mali is Association football
football (soccer),[Milet & Manaud, p.]
151.[DiPiazza, [ht tp://books.google.com/books?id=OR4Ovt7U_2IC&pg=PA55&sig=ACfU3U17TqmCrnJkhkPlWicLUQPkNG9uBA p.]
55]. which became more prominent after Mali hosted the 2002 African Cup of Nations.[Hudgens et al., p.]
320. Most towns have regular games;[ the most popular teams nationally are Djoliba AC, Stade Malien, and Real Bamako, all based in the capital.][ Informal games are often played by youths using a bundle of rags as a ball.][ The country has produced several notable players for French teams, including Salif Keita (footballer)]
Salif Keita and Jean Tigana.
Frédéric "Fredi" Kanouté, named 2007 African Footballer of the Year, currently plays for Sevilla FC in Spain's La Liga.
Also playing for major clubs in Spain are Mahamadou Diarra, captain of the Mali national squad, for Real Madrid C.F.
Real Madrid and Seydou Keita (footballer)
Seydou Keita for FC Barcelona.
Other notable players currently on European squads include, Mamady Sidibe (Stoke City), Mohammed Sissoko (Juventus), Sammy Traore (Paris Saint-Germain), Adama Coulibaly (AJ Auxerre), Kalifa Cisse and Jimmy Kebe (Reading F.C.), and Dramane Traoré (Lokomotiv Moscow).[ Basketball is another major sport;][[http://web.archive& #46org/web/20080101165700/http://www.africabasket.com/mli/mli.asp "Malian Men Basketball"].]
Africabasket.com.
Retrieved June 3, 2008. the Mali women's national basketball team, led by Sacramento Monarchs player Hamchetou Maiga, competed at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.[Chitunda, Julio.]
[http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/lateNews/arti.asp?newsid=23726 "Ruiz looks to strengthen Mali roster ahead of Beijing"].
FIBA.com (March 13, 2008).
Retrieved June 24, 2008. Lutte Traditionnelle
Traditional wrestling (''la lutte'') is also somewhat common, though popularity has declined in recent years.[ The game Oware]
wari, a mancala variant, is a common pastime.[
{{-}}
]
See also
{{main
Outline of Mali
Index of Mali-related articles}}
Notes
{{reflist
colwidth=30em}}
References
* {{cite book
last = African Development Bank
first =
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = African Economic Outlook
publisher = OECD Publishing
year = 2001
location =
isbn = 9264197044 }}
*{{cite book
last = Campbell
first = Bonnie
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Regulating Mining in Africa: For Whose Benefit?
publisher = Nordic African Institute
year = 2004
location = Uppsala, Sweden
isbn = 978-0761475712 }}
*{{cite book
last = Cavendish
first = Marshall
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = World and Its Peoples: Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa
publisher = Marshall Cavendish
year = 2007
location = Tarrytown, New York
isbn = 978-0761475712 }}
* [http://unpan1 6un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN002746.pdf Constitution of Mali].
{{fr icon}} A student-translated [http:// confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Mali.pdf English version] is also available.
*{{cite book
last = DiPiazza
first = Francesca Davis
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Mali in Pictures
publisher = Learner Publishing Group
year = 2006
location = Minneapolis, Minnesota
pages =
doi =
id =
isbn = 978-0822565918 }}
* Hudgens, Jim, Richard Trillo, and Nathalie Calonnec.
''The Rough Guide to West Africa''.
Rough Guides (2003).
ISBN 1-84353-118-6.
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Mali.pdf Mali country profile].
Library of Congress Federal Research Division (January 2005).
''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''
* {{cite book
last = Martin
first = Phillip L.
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Managing Migration: The Promise of Cooperation
publisher = Lexington Books
year = 2006
location = Lanham, Maryland
isbn = 978-0739113417 }}
*{{cite book
last = May
first = Jacques Meyer
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = The Ecology of Malnutrition in the French Speaking Countries of West Africa and Madagascar
publisher = Macmillan Publishing Company
year = 1968
location = New York, New York
isbn = 978-0028489605 }}
*Godfrey Mwakikagile
Mwakikagile, Godfrey.
''Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties'', Huntington, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2001.
* Milet, Eric & Jean-Luc Manaud.
''Mali''.
Editions Olizane (2007).
ISBN 2-88086-351-1.
{{fr icon}}
* Pye-Smith, Charlie & Rhéal Drisdelle.
''Mali: A Prospect of Peace?'' Oxfam (1997).
ISBN 0-85598-334-5.
* Velton, Ross.
''Mali''.
Bradt Travel Guides (2004).
ISBN 1-84162-077-7.
External links
{{sisterlinks
Mali}}
* [http://www.primature.gov.ml/ Government of Mali] official portal
*[https://www.c ia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-m/mali.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
;General information
* [http://ne ws.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1021454.stm Country Profile] from BBC News
*{{CIA World Factbook link
ml
Mali} }
*[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mali.htm Mali] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
*{{dmoz
Regional/Africa/Mali}}
*{{wikiatlas
Mali}}
*[http://www.kamit.jp/27_mali/mal_eng.htm Islamic Architecture in Mali]
;Tourism
*[http://www.tourisme.gov.ml/ Government Ministry of Culture and Tourism]
*{{wikitravel}}
{{Mali topics
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{{Countries of Africa}}
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{{Member states of the African Union}}
{{Community of Democracies}}
{{Community of Sahel-Saharan States}}
{{La Francophonie}}
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