WikiPedia Information About Scotland
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Export/Scotland
/_TheTownGuide/Index_Layout_Leaders_wiki_Process.xsl
{{Otheruses4
the country}}
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{{Infobox Country
conventional_long_name = Scotland{{spaces
2}}{{resize
75%
(Scottish English
English / Scots language
Scots)}}
''Alba''{{spaces
2}}{{resize
75%
(Scottish Gaelic language
Scottish Gaelic)}}
common_name = Scotland
image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg
flag_width = 125px
image_coat = Lionrampant.svg{{!}}border
symbol_width = 125px
symbol_type = Royal Standard
national_motto = ''In My Defens God Me Defend'' (Scots language
Scots)
(often shown abbreviated as '''''IN DEFENS''''')
national_anthem = National anthem of Scotland
None (''de jure'')
Flower of Scotland, Scotland the Brave (''de facto'')
image_map = Europe location SCO2.png
map_caption = {{map_caption
location=inset — orange)
in the United Kingdom (camel
region=Europe
the European continent
region_color=white}}
capital = Edinburgh
latd=55
latm=57
latNS=N
longd=3
longm=10
largest_city = Glasgow
latd=55
latm=57
latNS=N
longd=3
longm=12
longEW=W
official_languages = Scottish English
English (''de facto'')1
regional_languages = Scottish Gaelic language
Scottish Gaelic, Scots language
Scots
ethnic_groups = 89% Scottish people
Scottish, 7% English people
English, Irish people
Irish, Welsh people
Welsh, 4% other[[http://www.gro -scotland.gov.uk/statistics/library/mid-2005-population-estimates/index.html Registrar-General's Mid-2005 Population Estimates for Scotland]]
ethnic_groups_year =
demonym = Scottish people
Scots, Scottish2
government_type = Devolution
Devolved Government in a Constitutional monarchy3
leader_title1 = British monarchy
Monarch
leader_name1 = Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
Elizabeth II
leader_title2 = Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
leader_name2 = Gordon Brown MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 2005
MP
leader_title3 = First Minister of Scotland
First Minister (Scottish Government
Head of Scottish Government)
leader_name3 = Alex Salmond MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 2005
MP Members of the 3rd Scottish Parliament
MSP
legislature = Scottish Parliament
sovereignty_type = Establishment
sovereignty_note = Scotland in the Early Middle Ages
Early Middle Ages; exact date of establishment Origins of the Kingdom of Alba
unclear or disputed; national myth
traditional 843, by King Kenneth MacAlpin
area_rank =
area_magnitude = 1 E10
area_km2 = 78,772
area_sq_mi = 30,414
percent_water = 1Ǖ
population_estimate = 5,168,500
population_estimate_rank =
population_estimate_year = 2008
population_census = 5,062,011
population_census_year = 2001
population_density_km2 = 65
population_density_sq_mi = 168ǎ
population_density_rank =
GDP_PPP = US$194 billion{{Citation needed
date=July 2008}}
GDP_PPP_rank =
GDP_PPP_year = 2006
GDP_PPP_per_capita = US$39,680{{Citation needed
date=July 2008}}
GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
GDP_nominal =
GDP_nominal_rank =
GDP_nominal_year =
GDP_nominal_per_capita =
GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
HDI =
HDI_rank =
HDI_year =
HDI_category =
currency = Pound sterling
currency_code = GBP
time_zone = GMT
utc_offset = 0
time_zone_DST = BST
DST_note =
utc_offset_DST = +1
cctld = .uk4
calling_code = 44
patron_saint = Saint Andrew
St Andrew[{{cite web]
url=http://www.scotland.org/ab out/history-tradition-and-roots/features/culture/st-andrews.html
title =''St Andrew—Quick Facts''
work=Scotland.org—The Official Online Gateway
accessdate=2007-12-02}}
footnote1 = Both Scots and Scottish Gaelic are officially recognised as autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages;[[http://www.sc otland.gov.uk/Topics/ArtsCulture/gaelic/gaelic-english/17910/europeancharter "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages"] Scottish Government.]
Retrieved 27 September 2007. the Bòrd na Gàidhlig is tasked, under the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005, with securing Gaelic as an official language of Scotland, commanding "equal respect" with English.[Macleod, Angus [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article384045.ece "Gaelic given official status"] (22 April 2005) The Times]
''The Times''.
London.
Retrieved 2 August 2007.
footnote2 = Historically, the use of "Scotch" as an adjective comparable to "Scottish" was commonplace, particularly outwith Scotland.
However, the modern use of the term describes only ''products'' of Scotland, usually food or drink related.
footnote3 = Scotland's head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom, currently Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952).
Scotland has limited self-government within the United Kingdom as well as representation in the UK Parliament.
It is also Scotland (European Parliament constituency)
a UK electoral region for the European Parliament.
Executive and legislative powers have been devolved to, respectively, the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood in Edinburgh.
footnote4 = Also .eu, as part of the European Union.
ISO 3166-1 is Great Britain
GB, but .gb is unused.
}}
'''Scotland''' (Scottish Gaelic language
Gaelic: ''Alba'') is a country that is Countries of the United Kingdom
part of the United Kingdom.[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/uk_countries.asp The Countries of the UK] statistics.gov.uk.
Retrieved 10 October, 2008.[{{cite web
]
url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823
title=Countries within a country
accessdate=2008-08-24
work=10 Downing Street
quote=The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland}}[{{cite web
]
url=ht tp://www.iso.org/iso/newsletter_i-9.pdf
format=PDF
title=ISO 3166-2 Newsletter Date: 2007-11-28 No I-9.
"Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements" (Page 11)
accessdate=2008-05-31
work=International Organization for Standardization codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions -- Part 2: Country subdivision codes
quote=SCT Scotland ''country''}} Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a Anglo-Scottish border
border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel (British Isles)
North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest.
In addition to the mainland, Scotland consists of over List of islands of Scotland
790 islands[{{cite web ]
title = Scottish Executive Resources
work = Scotland in Short
url = http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/923/0010669.pdf
format=PDF
date= 17 February 2007
publisher=Scottish Executive
accessdate = September 14, 2006 }} including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
Edinburgh, the country's Capital (political)
capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres.[{{cite web]
url=http://www.open2.net/blogs/money/ index.php/2008/10/29/hbos-the-demise-of-two-giants?blog=5
title=HBOS – the demise of two giants
publisher=Open2.net
date=2008-10-29
accessdate=2009-06-11}}[{{cite web]
url=http://www.sundayherald.com /news/heraldnews/display.var�nj&# 46inquiry_into_scots_banks_collapse_moves_a_step_closer.php
title=Inquiry Into Scots Banks Collapse Moves A Step Closer (from Sunday Herald)
publisher=Sundayherald.com
date=
accessdate=2009-06-11}}
Edinburgh was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe.
Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation.
Scottish waters consist of a large sector[{{cite book ]
title=The Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order
year=1999
publisher=The Stationery Office Limited
url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1999/19991126.htm
location=London
isbn=0 11 059052 X
accessdate=2007-09-20 }} of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest Oil resources
oil reserves in the European Union.
This has given Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital.[[http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/equalitydiversity/eqd_ourcity.asp Aberdeen City Council website] ''"Aberdeen's buoyant modern economy - is fuelled by the oil industry, earning the city its epithet as 'Oil Capital of Europe'."'' Retrieved 01 December 2009]
The Kingdom of Scotland was an independent sovereign state before 1 May 1707 when it entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England to create the united Kingdom of Great Britain.[ This union resulted from the Treaty of Union agreed in 1706 and enacted by the twin Acts of Union 1707]
Acts of Union passed by the Parliaments of both countries, despite widespread protest across Scotland.[{{cite book]
last=Devine
first=T.M
year=1999
title=The Scottish Nation 1700–2000
publisher=Penguin Books
page=9
isbn=0140230041
quote=From that point on anti-union demonstrations were common in the capital.
In November rioting spread to the south west, that stranglehold of strict Calvinism and covenanting tradition.
The Glasgow mob rose against union sympathisers in disturbances which lasted intermittently for over a month}}[{{cite web ]
title=Act of Union 1707 Mob unrest and disorder
year=2007
publisher=The House of Lords
url=htt p://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/06_03_mob.html
location=London
accessdate=2007-12-23 }} Scotland's Legal systems of the world
legal system continues to be separate from those of English law
England, Wales, and Northern Ireland law
Northern Ireland and Scotland still constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in public international law
public and in private international law
private law.[Collier, J.G.]
(2001) [http://assets&# 46cambridge.org/052178/2600/sample/0521782600ws.pdf ''Conflict of Laws (Third edition)''](pdf) Cambridge University Press.
"For the purposes of the English conflict of laws, every country in the world which is not part of England and Wales is a foreign country and its foreign laws.
This means that not only totally foreign independent countries such as France or Russia...
are foreign countries but also British Colonies such as the Falkland Islands.
Moreover, the other parts of the United Kingdom{{ndash}} Scotland and Northern Ireland{{ndash}} are foreign countries for present purposes, as are the other British Islands, the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey."
The continued existence of Scots law
legal, Scottish education system
educational and Religion in Scotland
religious institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and Scottish national identity
national identity since the Union.[ Devine, T.M (1999), ''The Scottish Nation 1700–2000'', P듐–289, ISBN 0-14-023004-1 ''"created a new and powerful ''local state'' run by the Scottish bourgeoisie and reflecting their political and religious values.]
It was this local state, rather than a distant and usually indifferent Westminster authority, that in effect routinely governed Scotland"'' Although Scotland is no longer a separate sovereign state, issues surrounding History of Scottish devolution
devolution and Scottish independence
independence continue to be debated.
After the creation of the devolved Scottish Parliament in 1999, the first ever pro-independence Scottish Government was elected in 2007 when the Scottish National Party formed a Minority government
minority administration.
Etymology
{{Main
Etymology of Scotland}}
''Scotland'' is from the Latin ''Scoti'', the term applied to Gaels, people from what is now Scotland and Ireland, both pirates and the Dal Riada who had come from Ireland to reside in the Northwest of what is now Scotland, in contrast, for example, to the Picts.[{{cite book ]
last = Magnusson
first = Magnus
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Scotland: The Story of a Nation
publisher = Harper & Collins
date = 2001
location =
pages = 22–33
url =
doi =
isbn = 0006531911 }} Accordingly, the Late Latin word ''Scotia'' (''land of the Gaels'') was initially used to refer to Ireland.[ [http://books.google.com/books?id=2RlF7 sq48n4C&pg=PA16&dq=the+latin+word+scoti+originally+referred+to+ireland&cd=9#v=onepage&q=&f=false The History Of Ireland] Stephen Gwynn] However, by the 11th century at the latest, ''Scotia'' was being used to refer to (Gaelic-speaking) Scotland north of the river Forth, alongside ''Albania'' or ''Albany'', both derived from the Gaelic ''Alba''.[{{cite book ]
last = Ayto
first = John
authorlink =
coauthors = Ian Crofton
title = Brewer's Britain & Ireland : The History, Culture, Folklore and Etymology of 7500 Places in These Islands
publisher = WN
date =
location =
pages =
url =
doi =
isbn = 030435385X }} The use of the words ''Scots'' and ''Scotland'' to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Scotland in the Late Middle Ages
Late Middle Ages.[
]
History
Image:Scota & Gaedel Glas.jpg
thumb
left
170px
The founders of Scotland of late medieval legend, Scota with Goídel Glas, voyaging from Egypt, as depicted in a 15th century manuscript of the ''Scotichronicon'' of Walter Bower.
{{Main
History of Scotland}}
Early history
{{Main
Prehistoric Scotland}}
Repeated Glacier
glaciations, which covered the entire land-mass of modern Scotland, destroyed any traces of human habitation that may have existed before the Mesolithic period.
It is believed that the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, as the ice sheet retreated after the Last glacial period
last glaciation.[The earliest known evidence is a flint arrowhead from Islay.]
See Moffat, Alistair (2005) ''Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History''.
London.
Thames & Hudson.
Page 42.[Sites at Cramond dated to 8500 BC and near Kinloch Castle]
Kinloch, Rùm from 7700 BC provide the earliest known evidence of human occupation in Scotland.
See [http://www .megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146410357 "The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map: Rubbish dump reveals time-capsule of Scotland's earliest settlements"] megalithic.co.uk.
Retrieved 10 February 2008 and Edwards, Kevin J.
and Whittington, Graeme "Vegetation Change" in Edwards, Kevin J.
& Ralston, Ian B.M.
(Eds) (2003) ''Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC–AD 1000''.
Edinburgh.
Edinburgh University Press.
Page 70.
Groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago.
The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the Mainland, Orkney
Mainland of Orkney dates from this period.
Neolithic habitation, burial and ritual sites are particularly common and well-preserved in the Northern Isles and Western Isles, where a lack of trees led to most structures being built of local stone.[{{cite book]
last=Pryor
first=Francis
title=Britain BC
publisher=HarperPerennial
location=London
year=2003
isbn=978-0007126934
pages=98–104 & 246–250}}
A four thousand year old tomb with burial treasures was discovered at Forteviot, near Perth, Scotland
Perth, the capital of a Pictish Kingdom in the eighth/ninth century AD.
Unrivalled anywhere in Britain, it contains the remains of an Prehistoric Scotland
early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark, with possessions including a bronze and gold dagger, a wooden bowl, leather bag, and plant matter, later found to be flowers.
This is the first evidence that Iron Age people placed flowers in their graves.[{{citeweb]
url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news /uk/home-news/ancient-royal-tomb-found-in-scotland-1771875.html
title=Ancient royal tomb found in Scotland
publisher=The Independent
date=14 August 2009
accessdate=16 August 2009}}[{{citation ]
last=Brophy
first=Kenneth
last2=Noble
first2=Gordon
last3=Driscoll
first3=Stephen
title=The Forteviot dagger burial
journal=History Scotland
volume=10
issue=1
year=2010
issn=1475-5270
pages=12–13 }}
Roman influence
{{Main
Scotland during the Roman Empire}}
Image:Orkney Skara Brae.jpg
thumb
left
170px
Skara Brae, a neolithic settlement, located in the Bay of Skaill, Orkney.
The written protohistory of Scotland began with the arrival of the Roman Empire in southern and central Great Britain, when the Romans occupied what is now England and Wales, administering it as a Roman province
province called ''Roman Britain
Britannia''.
Roman invasions and occupations of southern Scotland were a series of brief interludes.
In AD 83–84 the general Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeated the Caledonians at the Battle of Mons Graupius, and Castra
Roman forts were briefly set along the Gask Ridge close to the Highland Boundary Fault
Highland line (only Cawdor (Roman Fort)
Cawdor near Inverness is known to have been constructed beyond that line).
Three years after the battle the Roman army
Roman armies had withdrawn to the Southern Uplands.[Hanson, William S.]
''The Roman Presence: Brief Interludes'', in Edwards, Kevin J.
& Ralston, Ian B.M.
(Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archeology and History, 8000 BC — AD 1000.
Edinburgh.
Edinburgh University Press
The Romans erected Hadrian's Wall to control tribes on both sides of the wall,[{{Citation ]
last = Snyder
first = Christopher A.
year = 2003
title = The Britons
publisher = Blackwell Publishing
isbn = 0-631-22260-X}} and the ''Limes
Limes Britannicus'' became the northern border of the empire, although the army held the Antonine Wall in the Central Lowlands for two short periods—the last of these during the time of Emperor Septimius Severus from 208 until 210.[Robertson, Anne S.]
(1960) ''The Antonine Wall''.
Glasgow Archaeological Society.
The extent of Roman military occupation of any significant part of northern Scotland was limited to a total of about 40 years, although their influence on the southern section of the country occupied by Brythonic tribes such as the Votadini and Damnonii would still have been considerable between the first and the fifth century.[ In the 400s, Gaels from Ireland established the kingdom of Dál Riata.][" [http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/scotland/western/article_1.shtml Dalriada: The Land of the First Scots]".]
BBC – Legacies.["[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/529398/Scot Scot (ancient people)]".]
Encyclopædia Britannica.
Image:HiltonofCadboll01.JPG
thumb
right
upright
A replica of the Pictish stones
Pictish Hilton of Cadboll Stone.
Medieval period
{{Main
Picts
Scotland in the High Middle Ages
Scotland in the Late Middle Ages
Scottish clan}}
The Kingdom of the Picts (based in Fortriu by the 6th century) was the state which eventually became known as "Alba" or "Scotland".
The development of "Pictland", according to the historical model developed by Peter Heather, was a natural response to Roman imperialism.[Peter Heather, "State Formation in Europe in the First Millennium A.D.", in Barbara Crawford (ed.), ''Scotland in Dark Ages Europe'', (Aberdeen, 1994), pp.]
47–63 Another view places emphasis on the Battle of Dunnichen, and the reign of Bridei III of the Picts
Bridei m.
Beli (671–693), with another period of consolidation in the reign of Óengus I of the Picts
Óengus mac Fergusa (732–761).[For instance, Alex Woolf, "The Verturian Hegemony: a mirror in the North", in M.]
P.
Brown & C.
A.
Farr, (eds.), ''Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe'', (Leicester, 2001), pp.
106–11.
The Kingdom of the Picts as it was in the early 8th century, when Bede was writing, was largely the same as the kingdom of the Scots in the reign of Alexander I of Scotland
Alexander (1107–1124).
However, by the tenth century, the Pictish kingdom was dominated by what we can recognise as Gaels
Gaelic culture, and had developed a traditional story of an Irish conquest around the ancestor of the contemporary royal dynasty, Kenneth I of Scotland
Cináed mac Ailpín (Kenneth MacAlpin).[{{cite book]
chapter=Kenneth mac Alpin
last=Brown
first=Dauvit
editor=M.
Lynch
title=The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
publisher=Oxford University Press
location=Oxford
page=359
year=2001
isbn=978-0192116963}}[ {{cite journal]
journal=Innes Review
publisher=Scottish Catholic Historical Association
last=Brown
first=Dauvit
title=Dunkeld and the origin of Scottish identity
issue=48
location=Glasgow
pages=112–124
year=1997}} reprinted in Dauvit Broun and Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.), (1999)''Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots'', Edinburgh: T.& T.Clark, pp.
95–111.
ISBN 978-0567086822[{{cite book]
first=Sally
last=Foster
title=Picts, Gaels and Scots (Historic Scotland)
location=London
year=1996
publisher=Batsford
isbn=978-0713474855}}
From a base of territory in eastern Scotland north of the River Forth and south of the River Oykel, the kingdom acquired control of the lands lying to the north and south.
By the 12th century, the kings of Alba had added to their territories the Old English
English-speaking land in the south-east and attained overlordship of Scottish Gaelic
Gaelic-speaking Galloway and Old Norse
Norse-speaking Caithness; by the end of the 13th century, the kingdom had assumed approximately its Anglo-Scottish border
modern borders.
However, processes of cultural and economic change beginning in the 12th century ensured Scotland looked very different in the later Middle Ages.
The impetus for this was the reign of David I of Scotland
King David I and the Davidian Revolution.
Feudalism, government reorganisation and the first legally defined towns (called burghs) began in this period.
These institutions and the immigration of French and Anglo-French knights and churchmen facilitated a process of cultural osmosis, whereby the culture and language of the low-lying and coastal parts of the kingdom's original territory in the east became, like the newly acquired south-east, English-speaking, while the rest of the country retained the Gaelic language, apart from the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland, which remained under Norse rule until 1468.[{{cite book]
last=Withers
first=Charles, W.J.
title=Gaelic in Scotland, 1698–1981
publisher=John Donald
location=Edinburgh
year=1984
pages=16–41;
isbn=9780859760973
authorlink=Charles W.
J.
Withers}}[{{cite web ]
url=http://www.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk/about-gaelic/history.html
publisher= Bòrd na Gàidhlig
author=Thomas Owen Clancy
title=Gaelic Scotland: a brief history
accessdate=2007-09-21 }}
Image:Wfm wallace monument.jpg
thumb
left
The Wallace Monument commemorates William Wallace, the 13th-century Scottish hero.
The death of Alexander III of Scotland
Alexander III in March 1286, followed by the death of his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway, broke the succession line of Scotland's kings.
This led to the intervention of Edward I of England, who manipulated this period of confusion to have himself recognised as feudal overlord of Scotland.
Edward organised a process to identify the person with the best claim to the vacant crown, which became known as the Competitors for the Crown of Scotland
Great Cause, and this resulted in the enthronement of John of Scotland
John Balliol as king.
The Scots were resentful of Edward's meddling in their affairs and this relationship quickly broke down.
War ensued and King John was deposed by his overlord, who took personal control of Scotland.
Andrew Moray and William Wallace initially emerged as the principal leaders of the resistance to English rule in what became known as the Wars of Scottish Independence.
The nature of the struggle changed dramatically when Robert I of Scotland
Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick, killed rival John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch
John Comyn on 10th February 1306 at Greyfriars Kirk in Dumfries.[{{cite web]
url=http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/dumfries/dumfries/
title=Dumfries Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland
publisher=Undiscoveredscotland.co.uk
date=
accessdate=2009-06-11}} He was crowned king (as Robert I) less than seven weeks after the killing.
Robert I battled to win Scottish Independence as King for over 20 years, beginning by winning Scotland back from the English invaders piece by piece.
Victory at The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 proved that the Scots had won their kingdom, but it took 14 more years and the production of the world's first documented declaration of independence the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320 to finally win legal recognition by the English.
However war with England was to continue for several decades after the death of Bruce, and a civil war between the Bruce dynasty and their long-term Comyn-Balliol rivals lasted until the middle of the 14th century.
Although the Bruce dynasty was successful, David II of Scotland
David II's lack of an heir allowed his nephew Robert II of Scotland
Robert II to come to the throne and establish the Stewart Dynasty.[{{cite book]
authorlink=G.
W.
S.
Barrow
last=Barrow
first=Geoffrey, W.S.
title=Robert Bruce & the Community of the Realm of Scotland
edition=4th Edition
publisher=Edinburgh University Press
year=2005
isbn=0748620222
origyear=1965}}[{{cite book]
first=Alexander
last=Grant
title=Independence and Nationhood: Scotland, 1306–1469
edition=New Ed edition
date=1991-06-06
origyear=1984
publisher=Edinburgh University Press
pages=3–57
isbn=978-0748602735}} The Stewarts ruled Scotland for the remainder of Middle Ages
the Middle Ages.
The country they ruled experienced greater prosperity from the end of the 14th century through the Scottish Renaissance to the Scottish Reformation
Reformation.
This was despite continual warfare with England, the increasing division between Scottish Highlands
Highlands and Scottish Lowlands
Lowlands, and a large number of royal minorities.[{{cite book]
first=Jenny
last=Wormald
title=Court, Kirk and Community: Scotland
edition=New Edition
publisher=Edinburgh University Press
date=1991-06-06
isbn=978-0748602766
origyear=1981}}
Modern history
Image:The Battle of Culloden.jpg
thumb
David Morier's depiction of the Battle of Culloden.
In 1603, James VI of Scotland
James VI King of Scots inherited the throne of the Kingdom of England, and became King James I of England, and left Edinburgh for London.[{{cite book]
title=Chronology of Scottish History
publisher=Geddes & Grosset
isbn=1-85534-380-0
last=Ross
first=David
year=2002
quote='''1603:''' James VI becomes James I of England in the Union of the Crowns, and leaves Edinburgh for London
page=56}} With the exception of a short period under the Protectorate, Scotland remained a separate sovereign state
state, but there was considerable conflict between the crown and the Covenanters over the form of Presbyterian church governance
church government.
After the Glorious Revolution, the abolition of episcopacy and the overthrow of the Roman Catholic James VII of Scotland
James VII by William and Mary, Scotland briefly threatened to select a different Protestant monarch from England.[TM Devine (1999) ''op cit'' "…Stated that the Scots Parliament had the right to decide on Queen Anne's successor, and that England and Scotland could not have the same sovereign in the future unless the London Parliament granted Scots 'Free Communication of trade'…"] On 22 July 1706 the Treaty of Union was agreed between representatives of the Parliament of Scotland
Scots Parliament and the Parliament of England and the following year twin Acts of Union 1707
Acts of Union were passed by both parliaments to create the united Kingdom of Great Britain with effect from 1 May 1707.[
The deposed Jacobitism]
Jacobite Stuart claimants had remained popular in the Highlands and north-east, particularly amongst non-Presbyterians.
However, two major Jacobite Rising
Jacobite risings launched in 1715 and 1745 failed to remove the House of Hanover from the British throne.
The threat of the Jacobite movement to the United Kingdom and its monarchs effectively ended at the Battle of Culloden, Great Britain's last pitched battle.
This defeat paved the way for large-scale removals of the indigenous populations of the Highlands and Islands, known as the Highland Clearances.[
The Scottish Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution made Scotland into an intellectual, commercial and industrial powerhouse.]["[http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Ec008224b/scotline2.htm Some Dates in Scottish History from 1745 to 1914]", The University of Iowa.] Almost 700,000 Scots served in the World War I,["[http://heritage. scotsman.com/worldwarone/Scots-up-in-arms-as�.jp Scots up in arms as warrior spirit attacked]".]
Scotsman.com.
January 7, 2007. mostly on the Western Front (World War I)
Western Front,"[http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/scotland/highland/article_3.shtml Footsoldiers of Empire: The Highland Regiments]".
BBC – Legacies. with at least 74,000 losing their lives.["[http://h-net.msu.e du/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-war&mont h=0501&week=d&msg=Q%2bcPYO2%2bfTRIS2Ur4DbChg&user=&pw=, World War One Casualties]", Humanities & Social Sciences Online.] In addition to this, between 1830 and 1930, 2 million Scots emigrated to seek better lives elsewhere.["[http://w ww.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/scottish-emigration-1830s-1930s/4353.html Scottish emigration 1830s-1930s]".]
BBC. After World War II, Scotland experienced an industrial decline which was particularly severe.[Harvie, Christopher (1981) ''No Gods and Precious Few Heroes: Scotland 1914–80''.]
London.
Edward Arnold. Only in recent decades has the country enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance.
Economic factors which have contributed to this recovery include a resurgent financial services industry, electronics manufacturing, (see Silicon Glen),[See Stewart, Heather, "[http://poli tics.guardian.co.uk/scotland/comment/0,,2073303,00.html Celtic Tiger Burns Brighter at Holyrood], ''The Guardian]
The Guardian Unlimited'', 6 May 2007 for an account of Scotland's economic challenges, especially after the dotcom downturn, as it competes with the emerging Eastern European economies. and the North Sea oil and gas industry.[[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/04/19170/35326 "National Planning Framework for Scotland"] Scottish Government publication, (web-page last updated 6 April 2006), which states ''"Since the 1970s, the development of North Sea oil and gas fields has made an important contribution to the Scottish economy, and underpinned prosperity in the North-East."'' Retrieved on 07 November 2007.]
Following a Scottish devolution referendum, 1997
referendum on devolution proposals in 1997, the Scotland Act 1998[[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts1998/ukpga_19980046_en_1 "The Scotland Act 1998"] Office of Public Sector Information.]
Retrieved on 22 April 2008. was passed by the United Kingdom Parliament to establish a devolved Scottish Parliament.
Government and politics
{{Main
Politics of Scotland
Scottish Parliament
Scottish Government}}
{{Politics of Scotland}}
Image:The Scottish Cabinet.jpg
thumb
left
The Government of the 3rd Scottish Parliament#Salmond government
cabinet of the Scottish Government
Scotland's head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom, currently Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952).
The title ''Elizabeth II'' caused List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II#Scottish controversy
controversy around the time of the queen's coronation, as there had never been an ''Elizabeth I'' in Scotland.
A legal case, MacCormick v.
Lord Advocate (1953 SC 396), was taken to contest the right of the Queen to title herself ''Elizabeth II'' within Scotland, arguing that to do so would be a breach of Article 1 of the Treaty of Union.
The case was lost and it was decided that future British monarchs would be Monarchical ordinal
numbered according to either their English or Scottish predecessors, whichever number is higher.[Winston Churchill, House of Commons Hansard]
Official Report cols 199-201, 15 April 1953 Hence, any future King James would be styled James Francis Edward Stuart
James VIII (since the last Scottish King James was James VII (also James II of England, etc.)) whilst the next King Henry would be King Henry Benedict Stuart
Henry IX throughout the UK despite the fact that there have been no Scottish kings of the name.
Scotland has partial self-government within the United Kingdom as well as representation in the UK Parliament.
Executive and legislative powers have been devolved to, respectively, the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, Edinburgh
Holyrood in Edinburgh.
The United Kingdom Parliament retains power over a set list of areas explicitly specified in the Scotland Act 1998 as reserved matters, including, for example, levels of UK UK tax system
taxes, UK social security
social security, UK military
defence, UK international relations
international relations and UK broadcasting
broadcasting.[
The Scottish Parliament has legislative authority for all other areas relating to Scotland, as well as Tartan Tax]
limited power to vary income tax, a power it has yet to exercise.
The Prime Minister, in a BBC Scotland interview, has indicated that the Scottish Parliament could be given more tax-raising powers.[{{citeweb]
url=http://www.sunday herald.com/news/heraldnews/display.var�njnj.php
title=Brown opens door to Holyrood tax powers
publisher=Sunday Herald
date=10th July 2009
accessdate=10th July 2009}}
The Scottish Parliament can give legislative consent over devolved matters back to Westminster by passing a Legislative Consent Motion if United Kingdom-wide legislation is considered to be more appropriate for a certain issue.
The programmes of legislation enacted by the Scottish Parliament have seen a divergence in the provision of public services compared to the rest of the United Kingdom.
For instance, the costs of a university education, and care services for the elderly are free at point of use in Scotland, while fees are paid in the rest of the UK.
Scotland was the first country in the UK to ban smoking in enclosed public places.[BBC Scotland News Online "[http ://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4845260.stm Scotland begins pub smoking ban]", ''BBC Scotland News'', 2006-03-26.]
Retrieved on 2006-07-17.
Image:Scotparialmentinside.jpg
left
thumb
The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament Building
The Scottish Parliament is a unicameral legislature comprising 129 Members of the Scottish Parliament
Members, 73 of whom represent individual Scottish Parliament constituencies
constituencies and are elected on a first past the post system; 56 are elected in eight different electoral regions by the additional member system (Scottish Parliament)
additional member system, serving for a four year period.
The Queen appoints one Member of the Scottish Parliament, (MSP), on the nomination of the Parliament, to be First Minister of Scotland
First Minister.
Other Ministers are also appointed by the Queen on the nomination of the Parliament and together with the First Minister they make up the Scottish Government, the Executive (government)
executive arm of government.[[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/About/Ministers "About Scottish Ministers"] Scottish Government.]
Retrieved 26 September 2007.
In the Scottish Parliament election, 2007
2007 election, the Scottish National Party (SNP), which campaigns for Scottish independence, won the election by a one seat majority.
The leader of the SNP, Alex Salmond, was elected First Minister on 16 May 2007 as head of a minority government.
The Scottish Labour Party
Labour Party became the largest opposition party, with the Scottish Conservative Party
Conservative Party, the Scottish Liberal Democrats
Liberal Democrats, and the Scottish Green Party
Green Party are also represented in the Parliament.
Margo MacDonald is the only Independent (politician)
independent MSP sitting in Parliament.[{{cite news]
url=http://news&# 46scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=104&id=513662005
title =''Somewhere over the Rainbow Coalition...''
date=2005-05-12
accessdate=2007-05-07
last=Kerevan
first=George
work=The Scotsman}}
Scotland is represented in the British House of Commons by List of MPs for Scottish constituencies 2005-
59 MPs elected from territory-based Scottish Westminster constituencies from 2005
Scottish constituencies.
The Scotland Office represents the UK government in Scotland on reserved matters and represents Scottish interests within the UK government.[{{cite web]
url=http://w ww.scotlandoffice.gov.uk/our-communications/doc.php?id=11
title=Scotland Office Charter
work=Scotland Office website
date=2004-08-09
accessdate=2007-12-22}} The Scotland office is led by the Secretary of State for Scotland, who sits in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, the current incumbent being Jim Murphy.[[http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/government/index.html "Government of Scotland Facts"] Scotland.org — The Official Online Gateway.]
Retrieved 26 September 2007.
Administrative subdivisions
{{Main
Subdivisions of Scotland}}
Image:Glasgow City Chambers, Glasgow.jpg
thumb
left
Glasgow City Chambers viewed from George Square Historical types subdivisions of Scotland include the mormaerdom, Stewartries
stewartry, earldom, burgh, parish, Counties of Scotland
county and Regions and districts of Scotland
regions and districts.
The names of these areas are still sometimes used as geographical descriptors.
Modern Scotland is subdivided in various ways depending on the purpose.
For Local government of Scotland
local government, there have been 32 council areas since 1996,[[http ://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1994/Ukpga_19940039_en_1.htm "Local Government etc.]
(Scotland) Act 1994"] Office of Public Sector Information.
Retrieved on 26 September 2007. whose councils are unitary authorities responsible for the provision of all local government services.
Community councils are informal organisations that represent specific sub-divisions of a council area.
For the Scottish Parliament, there are 73 Scottish Parliament constituencies and regions
constituencies and eight regions.
For the Parliament of the United Kingdom, there are 59 list of UK Parliamentary constituencies in Scotland
constituencies.
The Scottish fire brigades and police forces are still based on the system of regions introduced in 1975.
For healthcare and postal districts, and a number of other governmental and non-governmental organisations such as the churches, there are other long-standing methods of subdividing Scotland for the purposes of administration.
City status in the United Kingdom is determined by letters p atent.[[http://www.dca.gov.uk/constitution/city/cityhome.htm "City status"] Department for Constitutional Affairs.]
Retrieved on 26 September 2007. There are six cities in Scotland: Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, most recently Inverness, and Stirling .[[http://www.dca.gov.uk/constitution/city/citygj.htm "UK Cities"] Department for Constitutional Affairs.]
Retrieved on 26 September 2007.
Scotland within the UK
A policy of devolution had been advocated by the three main UK parties with varying enthusiasm during recent history.
The late Labour leader John Smith (UK politician)
John Smith described the revival of a Scottish parliament as the "settled will of the Scottish people".[Cavanagh, Michael (2001) ''[http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/aspect/docs/aspectcampaigns.htm The Campaigns for a Scottish Parliament]''.]
University of Strathclyde.
Retrieved 12 April 2008. The constitutional status of Scotland is nonetheless subject to ongoing debate.
In 2007, the Scottish Government established a "National Conversation" on constitutional issues, proposing a number of options such as increasing the powers of the Scottish Parliament, federation
federalism, or a referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom.
In rejecting the last option, the three main opposition parties in the Scottish Parliament have proposed a separate Scottish Constitutional Commission to investigate the distribution of powers between devolved Scottish and UK-wide bodies.[''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/7195800.stm Party people confront new realities]''.]
BBC News.
Retrieved on 18 January 2008. In August 2009 the SNP Scottish referendum bill 2010
proposed a Referendum Bill in order to hold a referendum on independence planned for November 2010, although because of immediate opposition from all other major parties, it was expected to be defeated.[{{cite web
]
url=ht tp://www.scotland.gov.uk/About/programme -for-government/2009-10/summary-of-bills/referendum-bill
title=Referendum Bill
publisher=Scottish Government
work=Oficial website, About > Programme for Government > 2009-10 > Summaries of Bills > Referendum Bill
date=2009-09-02
accessdate=2009-09-10
archi veurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5jggEjHoR
archivedate=2009-09-10
}}[{{cite news
]
url=http://www.ti mesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article6820542.ece
title=Salmond to push ahead with referendum Bill
publisher=The Times
date=2009-09-03
accessdate=2009-09-10
archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5jgoTKBiL
archivedate=2009-09-10
}}
Law and criminal justice
{{Main
Scots law}}
Image:Parliament House, Edinburgh.JPG
thumb
Parliament House, Edinburgh
Parliament House, in Edinburgh, is the home of the Court of Session.Scots law has a basis derived from Roman law,["Tradition and Environment in a time of change", J.]
A.
Lillie (1970).
"The law of Scotland has many roots in and affinities with the law of the Romans, the 'Civil Law' ":{{cite web
title=History of the Faculty of Law.
url=http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/history/chpt4.aspx
publisher=The University of Edinburgh School of Law
accessdate=2007-10-22}} combining features of both uncodified Civil law (legal system)
civil law, dating back to the ''Corpus Juris Civilis'', and common law with Legal institutions of Scotland in the High Middle Ages
medieval sources.
The terms of the Treaty of Union with England in 1707 guaranteed the continued existence of a separate Legal systems of the world
legal system in Scotland from English law
that of England and Wales.[The Articles: legal and miscellaneous, UK Parliament House of Lords (2007).]
"Article 19: The Scottish legal system and its courts was to remain unchanged":{{cite web
title=Act of Union 1707
url=http://www& #46parliament.uk/actofunion/04_05_legal.html
publisher=House of Lords
accessdate=2007-10-22}} Prior to 1611, there were several regional law systems in Scotland, most notably Udal law in Orkney and Shetland, ba
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