Local Knowledge•Global Attraction

/Sweden

Home WAP	PDA Desktop
Business Name
or Town
in

Join Your Local Community

1. Visit Your Town Website & ...

Get Free Membership +

2. Publish Your FREE Listings ...

Post News & Articles +

Post Classified Ads +

Post Business Listings +

Browse & Book Your Holiday

at Especially Low Internet Rates

Hotel Booking +

Vacation Booking +

Cruise Booking +

Flight Booking +

Car Rental Booking +

£ Euro $ Currency Converter +

Sponsored Features

linked to Sweden Website

On-Line Ticket Booking

Ticket Booking for Local Events

Theatre Music
Arts & Events Attractions

Theatre Reviews, MP3 samples
Rock & Pop Concerts
Galleries & Museum Information
Sightseeing Ideas & Details
Football Packages
Tickets | Tickets | Tickets

Destination Guides

Over 5,000 City Destinations

Virtually visit over 5,000 cities Use our complete city guides to research and plan your trip. Familiarize yourself with your destination, the neighborhoods, attractions, restaurants and shopping areas.

Caribbean	Las Vegas	New York
Find your destination now!

Browse & Book Hotels

for Sweden
SPECIAL LOW INTERNET RATES

Click Here for the Lowest Daily Rates

Because of the very large number of Worldwide reservations processed on-line, we can offer especially low room rates and guarantee that they are the lowest you can find.

To secure your reservation at these low rates, up-front Credit Card payment is required, giving you both savings and security. You can't beat that!

For Special Rate
Telephone Reservations
call toll free :

1 800 780 5733 in US or Canada

00800 1120 1140 in Europe

and refer to discount code: 223817
for the lowest possible rates!

1909 Sigtuna Stads Hotell
       ... Sigtuna,
A Hotel
       ... Karlskrona,
Adlon Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
Akerblads Hotell And Gastgiveri
       ... Tallberg,
Albert Kok Hotell Conference
       ... Trollhattan,
Alexandra Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
Ankaret Hotel And Restaurant
       ... Oxelosund,
Anno 1793 Sekelgarden Hotel
       ... Ystad,
Apple Hotel
       ... Gothenburg,
Aqva Hotel Mariestad
       ... Mariestad,
Arcadia Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
Aston Hotel
       ... Karlskrona,
Aurum Hotel
       ... Skelleftea,
Avalon Hotel
       ... Gothenburg,
Behrn Hotell
       ... Orebro,
Bele Hotel
       ... Trollhattan,
Berling Hotel
       ... Karlstad,
Berns Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
Best Western Akerby Htl Konfer
       ... Akerby,
Best Western Amani Htl Arsta
       ... Stockholm,
Best Western Arctic Hotel
       ... Luleaa,
Best Western City Hotel
       ... Orebro,
Best Western Grand Hotel
       ... Halmstad,
Best Western Grand Hotell
       ... Bollnaas,
Best Western Gustaf Froding Ht
       ... Karlstad,
Best Western Hotel Baltic
       ... Sundsvall,
Best Western Hotel Botnia
       ... Umea,
Best Western Hotel Carlia
       ... Uddevalla,
Best Western Hotel Corallen
       ... Oskarshamn,
Best Western Hotel Duxiana
       ... Helsingborg,
Best Western Hotel Eggers
       ... Gothenburg,
Best Western Hotel Esplanade
       ... Vasteras,
Best Western Hotel Helsingborg
       ... Helsingborg,
Best Western Hotel Noble House
       ... Malmoe,
Best Western Hotel Noble House
       ... Malmoe,
Best Western Hotel Royal
       ... Malmoe,
Best Western Hotel Royal Corner
       ... Vaexjoe,
Best Western Hotel Scheele
       ... Koeping,
Best Western Hotel Svava
       ... Uppsala,
Best Western Hotel Winn
       ... Umea,
Best Western Hotell Boras
       ... Boras,
Best Western Hotell Goteborg
       ... Gothenburg,
Best Western Hotell Hudik
       ... Hudiksvall,
Best Western Hotell Soderh
       ... Soderhamn 826 40 S,
Best Western Hotell Solhem
       ... Visby,
Best Western Htl Gamla Teatern
       ... Ostersund,
Best Western Htl Tranas Statt
       ... Tranas,
Best Western Kalmarsund Hotell
       ... Kalmar,
Best Western Kom Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
Best Western Mora Hotell Spa
       ... Mora,
Best Western Norra Vattern
       ... Askersund,
Best Western Nya Star Hotel
       ... Avesta,
Best Western Perenius Hotel
       ... Skovde,
Best Western Plaza Hotel
       ... Eskilstuna,
Best Western Premier Foresta H
       ... Lidingo,
Best Western Premier Foresta Hote
       ... Stockholm,
Best Western Premier Hotel Master ...
       ... Malmoe,
Best Western Princess Hotel
       ... Norrkoping,
Best Western Smaland Hotel
       ... Skillingaryd,
Best Western Sturup Airport Ht
       ... Malmo,
Best Western Tidbloms Hotel
       ... Goeteborg,
Best Western Time Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
Best Western Vrigstad Hotell
       ... Vrigstad,
Big Moose Hotel
       ... Asarna,
Brofastet Hotel And Conference
       ... Kalmar,
Bromma Scandic
       ... Stockholm,
Bw Blommenhof Hotell
       ... Nykoping,
Bw Edward Hotel
       ... Lidkoeping,
Bw Grand Hotel Elektra
       ... Ludvika,
Bw Hotel Jaegersro
       ... Malmo,
Bw Hotel Paletten
       ... Angelholm,
Bw Hotel Savoy
       ... Karlstad,
Bw Hotel Skogshojd Sodertalje
       ... Stockholm Arlanda,
Bw Hotel Stensson
       ... Eslov,
Bw Hotel Terminus
       ... Stockholm,
Bw John Bauer Hotel
       ... Jonkoping,
Bw Knistad Hotel And Konferens
       ... Skovde,
Bw Malmia Hotel
       ... Skelleftea,
Bw Premier Hotell Kung Carl
       ... Stockholm,
Bw Sjofartshotellet
       ... Oskarshamn,
Bw Strand Hotel
       ... Visby,
Bw Taby Park Hotel
       ... Taby,
Bw Varbergs Stadshotell Spa
       ... Varberg,
Bw Vetlanda Stadshotell
       ... Vetlanda,
Calmar Stadshotell
       ... Kalmar,
Central Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
City Hotel
       ... Eskilstuna,
City Hotel Fam Ericsson
       ... Jonkoping,
Clarion Collection Bilan
       ... Karlstad,
Clarion Collection Bol Munktel
       ... Eskilstuna,
Clarion Collection Drott
       ... Karlstad,
Clarion Collection Drott
       ... Karlstad,
Clarion Collection Hotel Etage
       ... Vasteras,
Clarion Collection Hotel Fregatte
       ... Varberg,
Clarion Collection Hotel Norre Pa
       ... Halmstad,
Clarion Collection Hotel Odin
       ... Goeteborg,
Clarion Collection Hotel Post
       ... Oskarshamn,
Clarion Collection Hotel Tapto
       ... Stockholm,
Clarion Collection Hotel Temperan
       ... Malmoe,
Clarion Collection Hotel Victoria
       ... Jonkoping,
Clarion Collection Hotel Wellingt
       ... Stockholm,
Clarion Collection Kompaniet
       ... Nykoping,
Clarion Collection Majoren
       ... Skovde,
Clarion Collection Packhuset
       ... Kalmar,
Clarion Collection Uman
       ... Umea,
Clarion Grand Hotel
       ... Helsingborg,
Clarion Hotel Gillet
       ... Uppsala,
Clarion Hotel Grand �stersund
       ... Ostersund,
Clarion Hotel Orebro
       ... Orebro,
Clarion Hotel Plaza Karlstad
       ... Karlstad,
Clarion Hotel Sign
       ... Stockholm,
Clarion Hotel Stockholm
       ... Stockholm,
Clarion Hotel Stockholm
       ... Stockholm,
Clarion Hotel Wisby
       ... Visby,
Colonial Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
Comfort Hotel Bristol
       ... Arvika,
Comfort Hotel City Center
       ... Gothenburg,
Comfort Hotel Jazz
       ... Boras,
Comfort Hotel J�nk�ping
       ... Joenkoeping,
Comfort Hotel Lulea
       ... Lulea,
Comfort Hotel Malmo
       ... Malmo,
Comfort Hotel Nouveau
       ... Helsingborg,
Comfort Hotel Saffle
       ... Saffle,
Comfort Hotel Stockholm
       ... Stockholm,
Connect Hotel Arlanda
       ... Stockholm,
Connect Hotel Skavsta
       ... Nykoping,
Connect Hotel Stockholm
       ... Alvsjo - Stockholm Fair,
Conrad Hotel
       ... Karlskrona,
Continental Hotel
       ... Malmo,
Crystal Plaza Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
Danderyd Gasteri
       ... Danderyd,
Designhotellet Varnamo
       ... Varnamo,
Ditt Hotell Ariston Hotell
       ... Lidingo,
Ditt Hotell Norrtull
       ... Gavle,
Elite Grand Hotel Norrkoping
       ... Norrkoping,
Elite Hotel Knaust
       ... Sundsvall,
Elite Hotel Marina Plaza
       ... Helsingborg,
Elite Hotel Mollberg
       ... Helsingborg,
Elite Hotel Residens
       ... Malmoe,
Elite Hotel Savoy
       ... Malmoe,
Elite Hotel Stockholm Plaza
       ... Stockholm,
Elite Hotel Strandbaden
       ... Falkenberg,
Elite Palace Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
Elite Park Avenue
       ... Gothenburg,
Elite Park Hotel
       ... Vaxjo,
Elite Plaza
       ... Goteborg,
Elite Plaza Hotel
       ... Goeteborg,
Elite Stadshotellet Karlstad
       ... Karlstad,
Elite Stadshotellet Lulea
       ... Lulea,
Elite Stadshotellet Vaxjo
       ... Vaxjoe,
Elite Stora Hotellet Jonkoping
       ... Jonkoping,
Elite Stora Hotellet Orebro
       ... Orebro,
Esplanade Hotel - Stockholm
       ... Stockholm,
Euroway Hotel
       ... Gothenburg,
First Hotel Alingsas
       ... Alingsaas,
First Hotel Amaranten
       ... Stockholm,
First Hotel Arsta
       ... Arsta,
First Hotel Brage
       ... Borlange,
First Hotel Cardinal
       ... Vaexjoe,
First Hotel Carlshamn
       ... Karlshamn,
First Hotel Christian Iv
       ... Kristianstad,
First Hotel Ett
       ... Ostersund,
First Hotel G
       ... Gothenburg,
First Hotel Garden
       ... Malmoe,
First Hotel Ja
       ... Karlskrona,
First Hotel Jorgen Kock - Malmo
       ... Malmoe,
First Hotel Kramm
       ... Kramfors,
First Hotel Kung Oskar
       ... Trollhaettan,
First Hotel Linkoping
       ... Linkoeping,
First Hotel Linne
       ... Uppsala,
First Hotel Martensson
       ... Halmstad,
First Hotel Olofstrom
       ... Olofstrom,
First Hotel Park Astoria
       ... Enkoping,
First Hotel Planetstaden
       ... Lund,
First Hotel Plaza
       ... Vasteras,
First Hotel Reisen
       ... Stockholm,
First Hotel Stadt
       ... Harnosand,
First Hotel Statt
       ... Karlskrona,
First Hotel Statt Hudiksvall
       ... Hudiksvall,
First Hotel Statt Ornskoldsvik
       ... Ornskoldsvik,
First Hotel Strand
       ... Sundsvall,
First Hotel Witt
       ... Kalmar,
First Royal Star Hotel
       ... Alvsjo - Stockholm Fair,
Flyghotellet
       ... Stockholm,
Freys Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
Furunaset Hotel Conferense
       ... Pitea,
Good Evening Hotel
       ... Linkoping,
Grand Hotel
       ... Jonkoping,
Grand Hotel - Lund
       ... Lund,
Grand Hotel Falkenberg
       ... Falkenberg,
Grand Hotel Lapland
       ... Gallivare,
Grand Hotel Saltsj�baden
       ... Saltsjobaden,
Gustav Vasa
       ... Stockholm,
Gyldenloewe Hotel
       ... Uddevalla,
Hanohus Hotel And Konferens
       ... Solvesborg,
Hellsten
       ... Stockholm,
Hilton Malmo City
       ... Malmoe,
Hilton Stockholm Slussen
       ... Stockholm,
Hotel Cafe Victoria
       ... Skelleftea,
Hotel Alfred Nobel
       ... Karlskoga,
Hotel Algen
       ... Ostersund,
Hotel Allen
       ... Gothenburg,
Hotel Alvdalen
       ... Alvdalen,
Hotel Alvsjo
       ... Stockholm Alvsjo,
Hotel Attache
       ... Haegersten,
Hotel Aveny
       ... Umea,
Hotel Baltzar
       ... Malmoe,
Hotel Bentleys
       ... Stockholm,
Hotel Birger Jarl
       ... Stockholm,
Hotel Bodensia
       ... Boden,
Hotel City Boras
       ... Boras,
Hotel Continental
       ... Halmstad,
Hotel Diplomat
       ... Stockholm,
Hotel Djingis Khan
       ... Lund,
Hotel Duxiana Malmo
       ... Malmo,
Hotel Erikslund
       ... Angelholm,
Hotel Falun
       ... Falun,
Hotel Fars Hatt
       ... Kungalv,
Hotel Focus
       ... Ornskoldsvik,
Hotel Gasslingen
       ... Skanor,
Hotel Gastis
       ... Varberg,
Hotel Gota
       ... Orebro,
Hotel Gothia Towers
       ... Goteborg,
Hotel Grand Clarion Collection
       ... Sundsvall,
Hotel Haga Kristineberg
       ... Stockholm,
Hotel Halland
       ... Kungsbacka,
Hotel Hogland
       ... Nassjo,
Hotel J
       ... Nacka Strand,
Hotel Kneippen
       ... Norrkoping,
Hotel Lilton
       ... Gothenburg,
Hotel Ljungbacken
       ... Gothenburg,
Hotel Lovik
       ... Stockholm,
Hotel Lundia
       ... Lund,
Hotel Nice Bed And Breakfast
       ... Gothenburg,
Hotel Niva
       ... Boden,
Hotel Nordica
       ... Stromsund,
Hotel Norrtull
       ... Stockholm,
Hotel Oden
       ... Stockholm,
Hotel Onyxen
       ... Gothenburg,
Hotel Opera
       ... Gothenburg,
Hotel Plaza
       ... Malmoe,
Hotel President
       ... Norrkoping,
Hotel Radhuset
       ... Lidkoping,
Hotel Riddargatan
       ... Stockholm,
Hotel Rival
       ... Stockholm,
Hotel Riverton
       ... Goeteborg,
Hotel Savoy
       ... Joenkoeping,
Hotel Skansen
       ... Bastad,
Hotel St Mikael
       ... Mora,
Hotel Statt Hassleholm
       ... Hasselholm,
Hotel Stinsen
       ... Hallsberg,
Hotel Sven Vintappare
       ... Stockholm,
Hotel Tegnerlunden
       ... Stockholm,
Hotel Torpa Pensionat
       ... Sodertalje,
Hotel Trollhattan
       ... Trollhattan,
Hotel Uppsala
       ... Uppsala,
Hotel Viking
       ... Helsingborg,
Hotel Zata
       ... Ostersund,
Hotel Zinkensdamm
       ... Stockholm,
Hotell Arkad
       ... Vasteras,
Hotell Dragonen
       ... Umea,
Hotell Hertigen
       ... Kristianstad,
Hotell Kernan
       ... Helsingborg,
Hotell Liseberg Heden
       ... Goeteborg,
Hotell Raadhuset
       ... Lidkoeping,
Hotell St Clemens
       ... Visby,
Ibis Goteborg Lerum
       ... Lerum,
Ibis Hotel Malmoe
       ... Malmo,
Ibis Karlstad City
       ... Karlstad,
Ibis Nykoping
       ... Nykoping,
Ibis Stockholm Arlanda Airport
       ... Arlanda,
Ibis Stockholm Kista
       ... Kista,
Ibis Vaesteras
       ... Vaesteras,
Icehotel
       ... Jukkasjarvi,
Ihm Hotell And Conferens
       ... Gothenburg,
Insjons Hotel
       ... Insjon,
J Sealodge Gashaga
       ... Lidingo,
Karlskoga Hotel And Konferens
       ... Karlskoga,
Klippan Hotel
       ... Klippan,
Lady Hamilton Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
Laholmen Hotel
       ... Stromstad,
Landvetter Airport Hotel
       ... Landvetter,
Langholmen Hotell
       ... Stockholm,
Llhr Kragga Herrgard
       ... Balsta,
Loginn Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
Lord Nelson Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
Lorensberg Hotel
       ... Gothenburg,
Ludvika Stadshotel
       ... Ludvika,
Lyas Apartment Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
M Hotel Former Palace Hotel
       ... Motala,
Malardrottningen Hotel
       ... Stockholm,
Malmen Stockholm Scandic
       ... Stockholm,
Maudes Hotel Enskede
       ... Stockholm,
Maudes Hotel Solna
       ... Stockholm,
Memory Hotel
       ... Kista,
Morgana Hotel And Conference
       ... Stockholm,
Mornington Hotel G�teborg
       ... Goeteborg,
Mornington Hotel Stockholm Brom
       ... Stockholm,
Mornington Hotel Stockholm Bromma
       ... Bromma,
Mornington Hotel Stockholm City
       ... Stockholm,

More Hotels & Accommodation Guide

New Business Listings

in Sweden

Town Guide Company -

TheTownGuide.Com

Advertise Here & reach over 12,000 visitors every month Traffic & Demographics

Welcome to The

Sweden

Town Guide & Directory

Local Community, Tourist Guide & Travel Channel

Sweden Channels >>>

Language >>>

Local Community, Tourist Guide & Travel Channel

Sweden Community, Tourist Guide, Travel & Transport Channel

Welcome to www.TheTownGuide.Com/Sweden Website.

Sweden Community, Tourist Guide, Travel & Transport Channel, with FREE & Premium Sweden Members Articles, Adverts, Hotel & Business Directory Listings.

The Sweden Town Guide provides you with FREE WIKI Style Sweden Business Directory Listings, Sweden Classified Adverts, Sweden Local News Stories, Articles & Photographs that both residents and visitors can upload, edit and publish instantly and Internationally.

If you live, work or have visited Sweden why not Upload your FREE Articles, Stories, Photographs, Business Directory Listings or Classified Ads about Sweden and help us to develop and grow The Sweden Town Guide and Website."

Visit www.TheTownGuide.Mobi from your Mobile Phone or PDA mobile browser.

See how easily you can navigate The World by clicking the WAP or PDA button here or at the top left of this web page.

Welcome to TheTownGuide.Com
Internationally publishing over 200,000 Local Town Guide Websites and viewed by thousands of visitors every month!

Why not Browse and Bookmark YOUR home Town Guide!

View World66 Article

Sweden Articles

Articles & Stories linked to Sweden

Upload and post your local news story, travel guide, business press release, club night invitation or any other information you want instantly linked to Sweden.

Simply become a member of your home town community and then Post your article linked to TheTwnGuide.Com websites of your choice.

Articles :

Advertisement Features :

Travel & Transport

Sweden Taxi, Train, Bus, Plane & Boat!

Business Directory Listings :

Classified Ads Listed :

Community Information

Sweden Help & Information at your fingertips!

Business Directory Listings :

Classified Ads Listed :

Each County has a County Administrative Board or l�nsstyrelse which is appointed by the Government. In each county there is also a separate County Council or landsting, which is the municipal representation appointed by the county electorate. Each county further divides into a number of municipalities or kommuner, making a total of 290 municipalities, in 2004. There are also older historical divisions of Sweden, primarily into the 25 provinces and three lands. These divisions are still significant.

	Sweden
	Introduction Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Transnational Issues

Sweden

Introduction

Top of Page

Background:

A military power during the 17th century, Sweden has not participated in any war in almost two centuries. An armed neutrality was preserved in both World Wars. Sweden's long-successful economic formula of a capitalist system interlarded with substantial welfare elements has recently been undermined by high unemployment, rising maintenance costs, and a declining position in world markets. Indecision over the country's role in the political and economic integration of Europe caused Sweden not to join the EU until 1995, and to forgo the introduction of the euro in 1999.

Sweden

Geography

Top of Page

Location:

Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway

Geographic coordinates:

62 00 N, 15 00 E

Map references:

Europe

Area:

total: 449,964 sq km

land: 410,934 sq km

water: 39,030 sq km

Area - comparative:

slightly larger than California

Land boundaries:

total: 2,205 km

border countries: Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km

Coastline:

3,218 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: agreed boundaries or midlines

territorial sea: 12 NM (adjustments made to return a portion of straits to high seas)

Climate:

temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north

Terrain:

mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m

highest point: Kebnekaise 2,111 m

Natural resources:

zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower

Land use:

arable land: 7%

permanent crops: 0%

permanent pastures: 1%

forests and woodland: 68%

other: 24% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:

1,150 sq km (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:

ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic

Environment - current issues:

acid rain damaging soils and lakes; pollution of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

Environment - international agreements:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note:

strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas

Sweden

People

Top of Page

Population:

8,875,053 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:

0-14 years: 18.19% (male 828,308; female 786,353)

15-64 years: 64.53% (male 2,911,949; female 2,814,730)

65 years and over: 17.28% (male 649,296; female 884,417) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.02% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:

9.91 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:

10.61 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:

0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

3.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 79.71 years

male: 77.07 years

female: 82.5 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.53 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

0.08% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

3,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

less than 100 (1999 est.)

Nationality:

noun: Swede(s)

adjective: Swedish

Ethnic groups:

indigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Sami minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks

Religions:

Lutheran 87%, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim, Jewish, Buddhist

Languages:

Swedish

note: small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99% (1979 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

Sweden

Government

Top of Page

Country name:

conventional long form: Kingdom of Sweden

conventional short form: Sweden

local long form: Konungariket Sverige

local short form: Sverige

Government type:

constitutional monarchy

Capital:

Stockholm

Administrative divisions:

21 counties (lan, singular and plural); Blekinge, Dalarnas, Gavleborgs, Gotlands, Hallands, Jamtlands, Jonkopings, Kalmar, Kronobergs, Norrbottens, Orebro, Ostergotlands, Skane, Sodermanlands, Stockholms, Uppsala, Varmlands, Vasterbottens, Vasternorrlands, Vastmanlands, Vastra Gotalands

Independence:

6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king)

National holiday:

Flag Day, 6 June

Constitution:

1 January 1975

Legal system:

civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the monarch (born 14 July 1977)

head of government: Prime Minister Goran PERSSON (since 21 March 1996)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister

elections: the monarch is hereditary; prime minister elected by the Parliament; election last held NA September 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: Goran PERSSON reelected prime minister with 131 out of 349 votes

Legislative branch:

unicameral Parliament or Riksdag (349 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 20 September 1998 (next to be held NA September 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - Social Democrats 36.5%, Moderates 22.7%, Left Party 12%, Christian Democrats 11.8%, Center Party 5.1%, Liberal Party 4.7%, Greens 4.5%; seats by party - Social Democrats 131, Moderates 82, Left Party 43, Christian Democrats 42, Center Party 18, Liberal Party 17, Greens 16

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court or Hogsta Domstolen (judges are appointed by the prime minister and the cabinet)

Political parties and leaders:

Center Party [Lennart DALEUS]; Christian Democratic Party [Alf SVENSSON]; Communist Workers' Party [Rolf HAGEL]; Green Party [no formal leader but party spokesperson is Briger SCHLAUG]; Left Party or VP (formerly Communist) [Gudrun SCHYMAN]; Liberal People's Party [Lars LEIJONBORG]; Moderate Party (conservative) [Bo LUNDGREN]; New Democracy Party [Vivianne FRANZEN]; Social Democratic Party [Goran PERSSON]

Political pressure groups and leaders:

International organization participation:

AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 6, G- 9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNTAET, UNTSO, UPU, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Jan ELIASSON

chancery: 1501 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20005-1702

telephone: [1] (202) 467-2600

FAX: [1] (202) 467-2699

consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Lyndon Lowell OLSON, Jr.

embassy: Dag Hammarskjolds VAG 31, SE-11589 Stockholm

mailing address: American Embassy Stockholm, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5750 (pouch)

telephone: [46] (8) 783 53 00

FAX: [46] (8) 661 19 64

Flag description:

blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Sweden

Economy

Top of Page

Economy - overview:

Aided by peace and neutrality for the whole twentieth century, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. Agriculture accounts for only 2% of GDP and 2% of the jobs. In recent years, however, this extraordinarily favorable picture has been somewhat clouded by budgetary difficulties, high unemployment, and a gradual loss of competitiveness in international markets. Sweden has harmonized its economic policies with those of the EU, which it joined at the start of 1995. GDP growth is forecast for 4% in 2001.

GDP:

purchasing power parity - $197 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

4.3% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:

purchasing power parity - $22,200 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 2.2%

industry: 27.9%

services: 69.9% (1999)

Population below poverty line:

NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 3.7%

highest 10%: 20.1% (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

1.2% (2000 est.)

Labor force:

4.4 million (2000 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture 2%, industry 24%, services 74% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:

6% (2000 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $133 billion

expenditures: $125.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)

Industries:

iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles

Industrial production growth rate:

7% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:

146.633 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel: 5.53%

hydro: 47.24%

nuclear: 45.42%

other: 1.81% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:

128.819 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:

15.9 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:

8.35 billion kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:

grains, sugar beets, potatoes; meat, milk

Exports:

$95.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities:

machinery 35%, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals

Exports - partners:

EU 55% (Germany 11%, UK 10%, Denmark 6%, Finland 5%, France 5%), US 9%, Norway 8% (1999)

Imports:

$80 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Imports - commodities:

machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing

Imports - partners:

EU 67% (Germany 18%, UK 10%, Denmark 7%, France 6%), Norway 8%, US 6% (1999)

Debt - external:

$66.5 billion (1994)

Economic aid - donor:

ODA, $1.7 billion (1997)

Currency:

Swedish krona (SEK)

Currency code:

SEK

Exchange rates:

Swedish kronor per US dollar - 9.4669 (January 2001), 9.1622 (2000), 8.2624 (1999), 7.9499 (1998), 7.6349 (1997), 6.7060 (1996)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Sweden

Communications

Top of Page

Telephones - main lines in use:

6.017 million (December 1998)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

3.835 million (October 1998)

Telephone system:

general assessment: excellent domestic and international facilities; automatic system

domestic: coaxial and multiconductor cables carry most of the voice traffic; parallel microwave radio relay systems carry some additional telephone channels

international: 5 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 1, FM 265, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:

8.25 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

169 (plus 1,299 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:

4.6 million (1997)

Internet country code:

.se

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

29 (2000)

Internet users:

4.5 million (2000)

Sweden

Transportation

Top of Page

Railways:

total: 12,821 km (includes 3,594 km of privately owned railways)

standard gauge: 12,821 km 1.435-m gauge (7,918 km electrified and 1,152 km double track) (1998)

Highways:

total: 210,760 km

paved: 162,707 km (including 1,428 km of expressways)

unpaved: 48,053 km (1999)

Waterways:

2,052 km

note: navigable for small steamers and barges

Pipelines:

natural gas 84 km

Ports and harbors:

Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Hudiksvall, Kalmar, Karlshamn, Malmo, Solvesborg, Stockholm, Sundsvall

Merchant marine:

total: 167 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,205,370 GRT/1,663,091 DWT

ships by type: bulk 5, cargo 28, chemical tanker 31, combination ore/oil 4, liquefied gas 1, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 29, railcar carrier 1, roll on/roll off 40, short-sea passenger 4, specialized tanker 6, vehicle carrier 17 (2000 est.)

Airports:

255 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 147

over 3,047 m: 3

2,438 to 3,047 m: 11

1,524 to 2,437 m: 80

914 to 1,523 m: 28

under 914 m: 25 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 108

914 to 1,523 m: 5

under 914 m: 103 (2000 est.)

Heliports:

1 (2000 est.)

Sweden

Military

Top of Page

Military branches:

Swedish Army, Royal Swedish Navy, Swedish Air Force

Military manpower - military age:

19 years of age

Military manpower - availability:

males age 15-49: 2,062,566 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:

males age 15-49: 1,803,995 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:

males: 51,506 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:

$5 billion (FY98)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

2.1% (FY98)

Sweden

Transnational Issues

Top of Page

Disputes - international:

none

WikiPedia Information About Sweden

Information from the WikiPedia.Com Website for Sweden

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Export/Sweden
/_TheTownGuide/Index_Layout_Leaders_wiki_Process.xsl

{{About
the country}} {{Infobox Country
native_name=''Konungariket Sverige''
conventional_long_name=Kingdom of Sweden
common_name=Sweden
image_flag=Flag of Sweden.svg
image_coat=Coat of Arms of Sweden.svg
image_map=EU-Sweden.svg
map_caption={{map caption
location_color=dark green
region=Europe
region_color=dark grey
subregion=the European Union
subregion_color=light green
legend=EU-Sweden.svg}}
national_motto=Royal mottos of Swedish monarchs
(Royal) "''{{lang
sv
F�r Sverige i tiden}}''" {{Ref label
aaa
a}}
"For Sweden – With the Times"
national_anthem={{lang
sv
''Du gamla, Du fria''}}{{Ref label
bbb
b}}
''Thou ancient, thou free''
royal_anthem={{lang
sv
''Kungss�ngen''}}
''The Song of the King''
official_languages=Swedish language
Swedish{{Ref label
ccc
c}}
demonym=Swedish people
Swedish or Swedes
ethnic_groups={{Ref label
ddd
d}} 82Ǎ% Swedish people
Swedes{{cite web
url=http://www.scb.se/Pages/Pr oduct____25785.aspx?produktkod=BE0101&displaypressrelease=true&pressreleaseid=257212
title=Befolkningsstatistik
publisher=www.scb.se
date=
accessdate=2009-06-16}}
5Ǎ% FinnsSee Sweden Finns. 12ǔ% :Category:Ethnic groups in Sweden
other (2008){{cite web
url=http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____26041.aspx
title=Summary of Population Statistics 1960 - 2008 (corrected version 2009-05-13)
publisher=www.scb.se
date=2009-05-13
accessdate=2009-07-08}}Note that Swedish-speaking Finns or other Swedish-speakers born outside Sweden might self-identify as ''Swedish'' despite being born abroad.

Moreover, people born within Sweden may not be ethnic Swedes.
capital=Stockholm
latd=59
latm=21
latNS=N
longd=18
longm=4
longEW=E
largest_city=capital
government_type=Parliamentary democracy and Constitutional monarchy
leader_title1=Monarch of Sweden
Monarch
leader_name1=Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
King Carl XVI Gustaf
leader_title2=Prime Minister of Sweden
Prime Minister
leader_name2=Fredrik Reinfeldt (Moderate Party
M)
leader_title3=Speaker of the Riksdag
Speaker of
the Riksdag
leader_name3=Per Westerberg (Moderate Party
M)
sovereignty_type=Consolidation of Sweden
Consolidation
sovereignty_note=
established_event1=Kalmar Union
Personal union w.

Denmark and Norway
established_date1=June 17, 1397
established_event2=''de facto'' independent kingdom
established_date2=June 6, 1523
established_event3=end of Scandinavian union ratified
established_date3=1524
established_event4=Swedish-Norwegian Union begins
established_date4=November 4, 1814
established_event5=Swedish-Norwegian Union ends
established_date5=August 13, 1905
accessionEUdate=1 January 1995
EUseats=19
area_rank=57th
area_magnitude=1 E11
area_km2=449,964
area_sq_mi=173,745
percent_water=8Ǔ
population=
population_estimate_rank=88th
population_census=9,340,682{{cite web
url=http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____287608.aspx
title=Befolkningsstatistik
publisher=Statistiska centralbyr�n
accessdate=2009-11-11}}
population_census_year=2009
population_density_km2=20ǒ
population_density_sq_mi=53Ǐ
population_density_rank=192nd
GDP_PPP=$342뙚 billion{{cite web
url=h ttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009 /02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm= 1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=144&s=NGDPD%2 CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=54&pr.y=8
title=Sweden
publisher=International Monetary Fund
accessdate=2009-10-01}}
GDP_PPP_rank = 32nd
GDP_PPP_year=2008
GDP_PPP_per_capita=$37,333
GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=17th
GDP_nominal=$478띱 billion
GDP_nominal_rank = 22nd
GDP_nominal_year=2008
GDP_nominal_per_capita=$52,180
GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=9th
Gini=23
Gini_year=2005
Gini_category=low
HDI={{increase}} 0띳[http://hdr 6undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf Human Development Report 2009].

The United Nations.

Retrieved 5 October 2009.
HDI_rank=7th
HDI_year=2007
HDI_category=very high
currency=Swedish krona
currency_code=SEK
country_code=SWE
time_zone=Central European Time
CET
utc_offset=+1
time_zone_DST=Central European Summer Time
CEST
utc_offset_DST=+2
date_format=yyyy-mm-dd,
d/m yyyy,
dd-mm-yyyy,
dd-mm-yy
drives_on=right{{Ref label
eee
e}}
cctld=.se{{Ref label
fff
f}}
calling_code=Telephone numbers in Sweden
46
footnotes= a.

{{note
aaa}} {{lang
sv
''F�r Sverige - I tiden''}} has been adopted by Carl XVI Gustaf as his personal motto. b.

{{note
bbb}} {{lang
sv
''Du gamla, Du fria''}} has never been officially adopted as national anthem, but is so by convention. c.

{{note
ccc}} Since July 1, 2009{{cite web
url=http://www.sprakforsvaret& #46se/sf/fileadmin/PDF/spraklagen_200509.pdf
title=Spr�klagen
date=2009-07-01
work=Spr�kf�rsvaret
language=Swedish
accessdate=2009-07-15}}{{cite web
url=http://www.thelocal.se/20404/20090701/
title=Swedish becomes official 'main language'
last=Landes
first=David
date=2009-07-01
work=The Local
publisher=thelocal.se
accessdate=2009-07-15}} Five other languages are officially recognized as minority languages.{{cite web
url=ht tp://www.sprakradet.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=2119#item100400
title=�r svenskan ocks� officiellt spr�k i Sverige?
publisher=Spr�kr�det (Language Council of Sweden)
date=2008-02-01
accessdate=2008-06-22
language=Swedish}} They are:
Finnish language
Finnish, Me�nkieli, Romani language
Romani, Sami languages
Sami, and Yiddish language
Yiddish. d.

{{note
ddd}} As of 2008, 18% of the population had foreign origins (13% if excluding Finns and 9% if also excluding other Scandinavians), with 14% foreign-born and another 4% born in Sweden of two foreign-born paren ts.[http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____26041.aspx Summary of Population Statistics 1960 - 2008 - Statistics Sweden] (proportion of foreign background, including foreign-born and Swedish-born with two foreign-born parents)
See demographics of Sweden. e.

{{note
eee}} Since 3 September 1967. f.

{{note
fff}} The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.

The .nu domain is another commonly used top-level domain ("nu" means "now" in Swedish). }} '''Sweden''' (pronounced {{Audio-IPA
en-us-Sweden.ogg
/'swi?d?n/}} {{respell
SWEE
d?n}}, {{lang-sv
Sverige}}), officially the '''Kingdom of Sweden''' (Swedish language
Swedish: {{Audio
Sv-Konungariket_Sverige.ogg
''Konungariket Sverige''}}), is a Nordic countries
Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.

Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the �resund Bridge in the south. At 450,295 km�, Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union in terms of area, with a total population of about 9ǎ million.

Sweden has a low population density of {{convert
21
PD/sqkm
PD/sqmi}} but a considerably higher density in the southern half of the country.

About 85% of the population live in urban areas, and it is expected that these numbers will gradually rise as a part of the ongoing urbanization. Statistics Sweden.

''Yearbook of Housing and Building Statistics 2007''.

Statistics Sweden, Energy, Rents and Real Estate Statistics Unit, 2007.

ISBN 978-91-618-1361-2.

Available online in [http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BO0801_2007A01_BR_BO01SA0701.pdf PDF format] Sweden's capital (political)
capital is Stockholm, which is also the largest city in the country (population of 1Ǐ million in the urban area and with 2 million in the metropolitan area). Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages.

In the 17th century the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire.

Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries.

The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809.

The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a Union of Sweden and Norway
personal union which lasted until 1905.

Since then, Sweden has been at peace, adopting a non-aligned foreign policy in peacetime and neutral country
neutrality in wartime.[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2880.htm#foreign ''U.S.

State Department Background Notes: Sweden''] Today, Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government and a highly developed economy.

It ranks first in the world in ''The Economist'''s Democracy Index and seventh in the United Nations' Human Development Index.

Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.

Etymology

{{Main
Etymology of Sweden}} The modern name ''Sweden'' is derived through back-formation from Old English ''Sweo�eod'', which meant "people of the Swedes" (Old Norse ''Sv��j��'', Latin ''Suetidi'').

This word is derived from ''Sweon/Sweonas'' (Old Norse ''Sviar'', Latin S''uiones'').

The Swedish name ''Sverige'' (a conjunction of the words ''Svea'' and ''Rike'' - rige still spelt with the letter ''g'' in modern Danish) literally means "Kingdom of the Swedes (Germanic tribe)
Swedes", excluding the Geats in G�taland.

Variations of the name ''Sweden'' are used in most languages, with the exception of Danish language
Danish and Norwegian language
Norwegian using ''Sverige'', Icelandic language
Icelandic ''Sv��j��'', and the more notable exception of some Finno-Ugric languages where ''Ruotsi'' (Finnish language
Finnish) and ''Rootsi'' (Estonian language
Estonian) are used, names commonly considered etymologically related to the English name for Russia, referring to the people, ''Rus (people)
Rus''', originally from the coastal areas of Roslagen, Uppland. The etymology of ''Swedes'', and thus ''Sweden'', is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic ''Swihoniz'' meaning "one's own",{{cite book
last=Hellquist
first=Elof
title=Svensk etymologisk ordbok
year=1922
publisher=Gleerups f�rlag
location=Stockholm
page=915}} referring to one's own Germanic tribe.

History

Prehistory

{{Main
Prehistoric Sweden}} Sweden's prehistory begins in the Aller�d Oscillation
Aller�d warm period c.

12,000 BC with Late Palaeolithic reindeer-hunting camps of the Bromme culture at the edge of the ice in what is now the country's southernmost province.

This period was characterized by small bands of Hunter-gatherer
hunter-gatherer-fishers using flint technology. Farming and animal husbandry, along with monumental burial, polished flint axes and decorated pottery, arrived from the Continent with the Funnelbeaker culture in c.

4,000 BC.

Sweden's southern third was part of the stock-keeping and agricultural Nordic Bronze Age Culture's area, most of it being peripheral to the culture's Danish centre.

The period began in c.

1,700 BC with the start of bronze imports from Europe.

Copper mining was never tried locally during this period, and Scandinavia has no tin deposits, so all metal had to be imported. The Nordic Bronze Age was entirely pre-urban, with people living in hamlets and on farmsteads with single-story wooden long-houses. In the absence of any Ancient Rome
Roman occupation, Sweden's Iron Age is reckoned up to the introduction of stone architecture and monastic orders around the 12th century.

Much of the period is proto-history
proto-historical, that is, there are written sources, but most are of low credibility.

The scraps of written matter are either much later than the period in question, written in distant areas, or, while local and coeval, extremely brief. File:Ales stenar bred.jpg
left
thumb
300px
Ale's Stones in Scania, southern Sweden.

This ship setting is a Germanic Iron Age burial monument, most likely from the 7th century, raised for the Denmark
Danish prince Ale the Strong. The climate took a turn for the worse, forcing farmers to keep cattle indoors over the winters, leading to an annual build-up of manure that could for the first time be used systematically for soil improvement. A Roman attempt to move the Imperial border forward from the Rhine to the Elbe was aborted in AD 9 when Germans under Roman-trained leadership defeated the legions of Varus by ambush in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.

About this time, there was a major shift in the material culture of Scandinavia, reflecting increased contact with the Romans. Starting in the 2nd century, much of southern Sweden's agricultural land was parcelled out with low stone walls.

They divided the land into permanent infields and meadows for winter fodder on one side of the wall, and wooded outland where the cattle grazed on the other side.

This principle of landscape organization survived into the 19th century.

The Roman Period also saw the first large-scale expansion of agricultural settlement up the Baltic coast of the country's northern two thirds. Sweden enters proto-history with the ''Germania (book)
Germania'' of Tacitus in AD 98.

In s:Germania#XLIV
Germania 44, 45 he mentions the Swedes (''Swedes (Germanic tribe)
Suiones'') as a powerful tribe (''distinguished not merely for their arms and men, but for their powerful fleets'') with ships that had a prow in both ends (longships).

Which kings (''kuningaz'') ruled these Suiones is unknown, but Norse mythology presents a long line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC.

As for literacy in Sweden itself, the runic alphabet
runic script was invented among the south Scandinavian elite in the 2nd century, but all that has come down to the present from the Roman Period is curt inscriptions on artifacts, mainly of male names, demonstrating that the people of south Scandinavia spoke Proto-Norse at the time, a language ancestral to Swedish and other North Germanic languages. In the 6th century Jordanes named two tribes he calls the ''Suehans'' and the ''Suetidi'' who lived in Scandza.

These two names are both considered to refer to the same tribe.

The ''Suehans'', he says, has very fine horses just as the "Thyringi" tribe (''alia vero gens ibi moratur Suehans, quae velud Thyringi equis utuntur eximiis'').

Snorri Sturluson wrote that the contemporary Swedish king Adils (Eadgils) had the finest horses of his days.

The Suehans were the suppliers of black fox skins for the Roman market.

Then Jordanes names the ''Suetidi'' which is considered to be the Latin form of ''Svitjod''.

He writes that the Suetidi are the tallest of men together with the Danes (Germanic tribe)
Dani who were of the same stock.

Later he mentions other Scandinavian tribes for being of the same height. Originating in semi-legendary Scandza, believed to be somewhere in modern G�taland, Sweden, a Goths
Gothic population had crossed the Baltic Sea before the 2nd century AD, reaching Scythia at the coast of the Black Sea in modern Ukraine where Goths left their archaeological traces in the Chernyakhov culture.

In the 5th and 6th centuries, they became divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, and established powerful successor-states of the Roman Empire in the Iberian peninsula and Italy.[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/239637/Goth Goth (people)].

Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Crimean Gothic communities appear to have survived intact in Crimea until the late 18th century. [http://www.ethnologue.com/15/show_language.asp?code=got GOTHIC: an extinct language of Ukraine]

Viking and Middle ages

{{See also
Early Swedish history
Foundation of Modern Sweden
Varangians}} The Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly between the eighth and eleventh centuries.

During this period, it is believed that the Swedish people
Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and incorporated the Geats to the south.[http://www.bartleby.com/65/sw/Sweden.html The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.

2001�05] It is believed that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine the Black Sea and further as far as Baghdad.

Their routes passed The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks
through the Dnieper down south to Constantinople, on which they did numerous raids.

The Byzantine Emperor Theophilos (emperor)
Theophilos noticed their great skills in war and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the varangian guard.

The Swedish Vikings, called "Rus (people)
Rus" are also believed to be the founding fathers of Kievan Rus.

The Arabic traveller "Ibn Fadlan" described these Vikings as following: {{quote
I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys and encamped by the Volga
Itil.

I have never seen more perfect physical specimens, tall as date palms, blond and ruddy; they wear neither tunics nor caftans, but the men wear a garment which covers one side of the body and leaves a hand free.

Each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times.

The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort.
Quoted from: Gwyn Jones.

''A History of the Vikings''.

Oxford University Press, 2001.

ISBN 0-19-280134-1.

Page 164.}} The adventures of these Swedish Vikings are commemorated on many runestones in Sweden, such as the Greece Runestones and the Varangian Runestones.

There was also considerable participation in expeditions westwards, which are commorated on stones such as the England Runestones.

The last major Swedish Viking expedition appears to have been the ill-fated expedition of Ingvar the Far-Travelled to Serkland, the region south-east of the Caspian Sea.

Its members are commemorated on the Ingvar Runestones, none of which mentions any survivor.

What happened to the crew is unknown, but it is believed that they died of sickness. File:Suecia Gambla Ubsala h�gar.png
thumb
450px
Gamla Uppsala, a site of religious and political importance in the early days of Sweden It is not known when and how the kingdom of Sweden was born, but the list of Swedish monarchs is drawn from the first kings who ruled Svealand (Sweden) and G�taland (Gothia) as one with Erik Segers�ll
Erik the Victorious.

Sweden and Gothia were two separate nations long before that.

It is not known how long they existed, ''Beowulf'' described semi-legendary Swedish-Geatish wars in the 6th century. During the early stages of the Scandinavian Viking Age, Ystad in Scania and Paviken on Gotland, in present-day Sweden, were flourishing trade centres.

Remains of what is believed to have been a large market have been found in Ystad dating from 600�700 AD. In Paviken, an important centre of trade in the Baltic region during the ninth and tenth century, remains have been found of a large Viking Age harbour with shipbuilding yards and handicraft industries.

Between 800 and 1000, trade brought an abundance of silver to Gotland, and according to some scholars, the Gotlanders of this era hoarded more silver than the rest of the population of Scandinavia combined.Sawyer, Birgit and Peter Sawyer (1993).

''Medieval Scandinavia: from Conversion to Reformation, Circa 800�1500''.

University of Minnesota Press, 1993.

ISBN 0-8166-1739-2, pp.

150�153. St.

Ansgar introduced Christianity in 829, but the new religion did not begin to fully replace paganism until the 12th century.

During the 11th century, Christianity became the most prevalent religion, and from 1050 Sweden is counted as a Christian nation.

The period between 1100 and 1400 was characterized by internal power struggles and competition among the Nordic kingdoms.

Swedish kings also began to expand the Swedish-controlled territory in Finland, creating conflicts with the Rus who no longer had any connection with Sweden.Bagge, Sverre (2005) "The Scandinavian Kingdoms".

In ''The New Cambridge Medieval History''.

Eds.

Rosamond McKitterick et al.

Cambridge University Press, 2005.

ISBN 0-521-36289-X, p.

724: "Swedish expansion in Finland led to conflicts with Rus', which were temporarily brought to an end by a peace treaty in 1323, dividing the Karelian peninsula and the northern areas between the two countries." Except for the province of Skane, on the southern most tip of Sweden which was under Danish control during this time, feudalism never developed in Sweden as it did in the rest of Europe.Franklin D.

Scott, ''Sweden: The Nation's History'' (University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, 1977) p.

58. Therefore, the peasantry remained largely a class of free farmers throughout most of Swedish history.

Slavery was not common in Sweden, and what slavery there was tended to be driven out of existence by the spread of Christianity, the difficulty in obtaining slaves from the lands east of the Baltic Sea, and by the development of cities before the 16th centuryScott, p.

55. Indeed, both slavery and serfdom were abolished altogether by a decree of King Magnus Erickson in 1335.

Former slaves tended to be absorbed into the peasantry and some were became laborers in the towns.

Still, Sweden remained a poor and economically backward country in which barter was the means of exchange.

For instance the farmers of the province of Dalsland would transport their butter to rhe mining districts of Sweden, exchange it their for iron which they would then take down to the coast and trade the iron for fish they needed for food while the iron would be shipped abroad.Scott, pp.

55-56. File:Valdemar Atterdag brandskattar Visby (1882).jpg
miniatyr
300px
left
thumb
Valdemar IV takes control over Swedish Gotland. In the 14th century, Sweden was struck by the Black Death.

The population of Sweden was decimated.Scott, pp.

56-57. During this period the Swedish cities also began to acquire greater rights and were strongly influenced by German merchants of the Hanseatic League, active especially at Visby.

In 1319, Sweden and Norway were united under King Magnus IV of Sweden
Magnus Eriksson, and in 1397 Queen Margaret I of Denmark effected the personal union of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark through the Kalmar Union.

However, Margaret's successors, whose rule was also centred in Denmark, were unable to control the Swedish nobility.

Real power was held for long periods by regents (notably those of the Sture family) chosen by the Swedish parliament.

King Christian II of Denmark, who asserted his claim to Sweden by force of arms, ordered a massacre in 1520 of Swedish nobles at Stockholm.

This came to be known as the �Stockholm blood bath� and stirred the Swedish nobility to new resistance and, on 6 June (now Sweden's national holiday) in 1523, they made Gustav Vasa their king.Scott, p.

121. This is sometimes considered as the foundation of modern Sweden.

Shortly afterwards he rejected Catholicism and led Sweden into the Protestant Reformation.

Economically, Gustav Vasa broke the monopoly of the Hanseatic League over Swedish Baltic Sea trade.Scott, p.

132. The Hanseatic League had been officially formed at Lubeck on the northern coast of Germany in 1356.

The League sought privileges from the princes and royalty of the countries and cities along the coasts of the Baltic Sea.Robert S.

Hoyt & Stanley Chodorow, ''Europe in the Middle Ages'' (Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich, Inc.: New York, 1976) p.

628. In exchange they offered a certain amount of protection.

Having their own navy the Hansa were able to sweep the Baltic Sea free of pirates.John B.

Wolfe, ''The Emergence of European Civilization'' (Harper & Row Pub.: New York, 1962) pp.

50-51. The privileges obtained by the Hansa included assurances that only Hansa citizens would be allowed to trade from the ports where they were located.

They also sought agreement to be free of all customs and taxes.

With these concessions, Lubeck merchants flocked to Stockholm, Sweden and soon came to dominate the economic life of that city and made the port city of Stockholm into the leading commercial and industrial city of Sweden.Scott, p.

52. Under the Hanseatic trade 2/3rds of Stockholm's imports consisted of textiles and 1/3 of salt.

Exports from Sweden consisted of iron and copper.Scott However, the Swedes began to resent the monopoly trading position of the Hansa (mostly German citizens) and to resent the income they felt they lost to the Hansa.

Consequently, when Gustav Vasa or Gustav I broke the monopoly power of the Hanseatic League he was regarded as a hero to the Swedish people.

History now views Gustav I as the father of the modern Swedish nation.

The foundations laid by Gustave would take time to develop.

Furthermore, when Sweden did develop, freed itself from the Hanseatic League and entered its golden era, the fact the peasantry had traditionally been free meant that more of the economic benefits flowed back to them rather than going to a feudal landowning class.Scott, pp.

156-157. This was not the case in other countries of Europe like Poland were the peasantry was still bound by serfdom and a strong feudalistic land owning system.

Swedish Empire

File:Sweden in 1658.PNG
thumb
150px
upright
The Swedish Empire following the Treaty of Roskilde of 1658.

Dominions in Prussia, held from 1629 to 1635, do not appear on this map. ---- {{legend
#E6570C
Sweden proper}} {{legend
#007500
Kexholm County}} {{legend
#00FF00
Swedish Ingria}} {{legend
#000075
Swedish Estonia}} {{legend
#FF00FF
Livonia}} {{legend
#B9B9B9
Swedish Pomerania, Archbishopric of Bremen
Abp Bremen and Bishopric of Verden
Bp Verden}} {{legend
#757536
Scania, Blekinge, Halland, Gotland and Bohusl�n}} {{legend
#0075FF
Tr�ndelag and M�re og Romsdal}} {{legend
#75FFFF
J�mtland, H�rjedalen, Idre & S�rna}} {{See also
History of Sweden (1611�1648)
Swedish Empire
Swedish overseas colonies
Sweden and the Great Northern War
Absolute Monarchy in Sweden
Sweden-Finland
Union between Sweden and Norway}} During the 17th century Sweden emerged as a European Great Power
great power.

Before the emergence of the Swedish Empire, Sweden was a very poor and scarcely populated country on the fringe of European civilization, with no significant power or reputation.

Sweden rose to prominence on a continental scale during the tenure of king Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Gustavus Adolphus, seizing territories from Russia and Polish�Lithuanian Commonwealth
Poland�Lithuania in multiple conflicts, including the Thirty Years' War. During the Thirty Years' War, Sweden conquered approximately half of the Holy Roman states.

Gustav Adolphus planned to become the new Holy Roman Emperor, ruling over a united Scandinavia and the Holy Roman states, but he died at the Battle of L�tzen (1632)
Battle of L�tzen in 1632.

After the Battle of N�rdlingen (1634)
Battle of N�rdlingen, Sweden's only significant military defeat of the war, pro-Swedish sentiment among the German states faded.

These German provinces excluded themselves from Swedish power one by one, leaving Sweden with only a few northern German territories: Swedish Pomerania, Bremen-Verden and Wismar.

The Swedish armies may have destroyed up to 2,000 castles, 18,000 villages and 1,500 towns in Early Modern history of Germany
Germany, one-third of all German towns.{{cite web
url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/population_thirty_years_war.htm
title=Population
publisher=History Learningsite
accessdate=2008-05-24}} In the middle of the 17th century Sweden was the third largest country in Europe by land area, only surpassed by Russia and Spain.

Sweden reached its largest territorial extent under the rule of Charles X of Sweden
Charles X after the treaty of Roskilde in 1658. "A Political and Social History of Modern Europe VǍ./Hayes..." Hayes, Carlton J.

H.

(1882�1964), ''Title: A Political and Social History of Modern Europe VǍ.'', 2002-12-08, Project Gutenberg, webpage: [http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/etext04/7hsr110.htm Infomot-7hsr110]. However, Sweden's largest territorial extent lasted from 1319 to 1343 with Magnus IV of Sweden
Magnus Eriksson ruling all of the Lands of Sweden
traditional lands of Sweden and Norway. The foundation of Sweden's success during this period is credited to Gustav I's major changes on the Swedish economy in the 16th century, and his introduction of Protestantism. "Gustav I Vasa � Britannica Concise" (biography), ''Britannica Concise'', 2007, webpage: [http://concise.br itannica.com/ebc/article-9366349/Gustav-I-Vasa EBConcise-Gustav-I-Vasa]. In the 17th century, Sweden was engaged in many wars, for example with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with both sides competing for territories of today's Baltic states, with the disastrous Battle of Kircholm being one of the highlights.[http://www&# 46kismeta.com/diGrasse/images/kircholm_27_sept.htm Battle of Kircholm 1605] One-third of the Finnish population died in the devastating famine that struck the country in 1696.[http://countrystudies.us/finland/9.htm Finland and the Swedish Empire].

Source: ''U.S.

Library of Congress'' Famine also hit Sweden.[http://www.algonet.se/~hogman/sljordbruk_eng.htm Agricultural Yields and Years of Famine - Sweden].

Hans H�gman. The Swedes conducted a series of invasions into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, known as the Deluge (history)
Deluge.

After more than half a century of almost constant warfare, the Swedish economy had deteriorated.

It became the lifetime task of Charles' son, Charles XI of Sweden
Charles XI, to rebuild the economy and refit the army.

His legacy to his son, the coming ruler of Sweden Charles XII of Sweden
Charles XII, was one of the finest arsenals in the world, a large standing army and a great fleet.

Sweden's largest threat at this time, Russia, had a larger army but was far behind in both equipment and training. File:Battle of Lutzen.jpg
300px
thumb
left
Death of Gustav II Adolf at the Battle of L�tzen (1632)
Battle of L�tzen . After the Battle of Narva (1700)
Battle of Narva in 1700, one of the first battles of the Great Northern War, the Russian army was so severely decimated that Sweden had an open chance to invade Russia.

However, Charles did not pursue the Russian army, instead turning against Poland-Lithuania and defeating the Polish king Augustus II and his Saxon allies at the Battle of Kliszow in 1702.

This gave Russia time to rebuild and modernize its army.

After the success of invading Poland Charles decided to make an invasion attempt of Russia which ended in a decisive Russian victory at the Battle of Poltava in 1709.

After a long march exposed to cossack raids, Russian Tsar Peter the Great's scorched-earth techniques and the Russian Winter
cold Russian climate, the Swedes stood weakened with a shattered morale and enormously outnumbered against the Russian army at Poltava.

The defeat meant the beginning of the end for the Swedish empire. File:Karl XIIs likf�rd (1884), m�lning av Gustaf Cederstr�m (1845-1933).jpg
thumb
right
''The funeral transport of Charles XII''.

A romanticized painting by Gustaf Cederstr�m, 1884 Charles XII attempted to invade Norway 1716; however, he was shot dead at Fredriksten
Fredriksten fortress in 1718.

The Swedes were not militarily defeated at Fredriksten, but the whole structure and organization of the Norwegian campaign fell apart with the king's death, and the army withdrew.

Forced to cede large areas of land in the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, Sweden also lost its place as an empire and as the dominant state on the Baltic Sea.

With Sweden's lost influence, Russia emerged as an empire and became one of Europe's dominant nations. In the 18th century, Sweden did not have enough resources to maintain its territories outside Scandinavia, and most of them were lost, culminating with the 1809 loss of eastern Sweden to Russia which became the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland
Duchy of Finland in Imperial Russia. In interest of reestablishing Swedish dominance in the Baltic Sea, Sweden allied itself against its traditional ally and benefactor, France, in the Napoleonic Wars.

Sweden's role in the Battle of Leipzig gave it the authority to force Denmark-Norway, an ally of France, to cede Norway to the King of Sweden on 14 January 1814 in exchange for northern German provinces, at the Treaty of Kiel.

The Norwegian attempts to keep their status as a sovereign state were rejected by the Swedish king, Charles XIII.

He launched a military campaign against Norway on July 27, 1814, ending in the Convention of Moss, which forced Norway into a Union between Sweden and Norway
personal union with Sweden under the Swedish crown, which was not dissolved until 1905.

The 1814 campaign was the last war in which Sweden participated as a combatant.

Swedish troops partake in peace-keeping missions and currently have forces deployed in Afghanistan and Kosovo.

Modern history

{{See also
Modernization of Sweden
Swedish emigration to the United States}} There was a significant population increase during the 18th and 19th centuries, which the writer Esaias Tegn�r in 1833 attributed to ''"the peace, the (smallpox) vaccine, and the potatoes"''.{{cite book
last=
first=
authorlink=
coauthors=Paul Robert Magocsi
year=1998
title=Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples
publisher=University of Minnesota Press
location=
isbn=0-8020-2938-8
page=1220
author=Paul Robert Magocsi, editor.}} Between 1750 and 1850, the population in Sweden doubled.

According to some scholars, mass emigration to America became the only way to prevent famine and rebellion; over 1% of the population emigrated annually during the 1880s. Einhorn, Eric and John Logue (1989). ''Modern Welfare States: Politics and Policies in Social'' ''Democratic Scandinavia''.

Praeger Publishers, pǕ: "Though Denmark, where industrialization had begun in the 1850s, was reasonably prosperous by the end of the nineteenth century, both Sweden and Norway were terribly poor.

Only the safety valve of mass emigration to America prevented famine and rebellion.

At the peak of emigration in the 1880s, over 1% of the total population of both countries emigrated annually." Nevertheless, Sweden remained poor, retaining a nearly entirely agricultural economy even as Denmark and Western European countries began to industrialize.Koblik, Steven (1975). ''Sweden's Development from Poverty to Affluence 1750�1970'', University of Minnesota Press, pǔ�9, "In economic and social terms the eighteenth century was more a transitional than a revolutionary period.

Sweden was, in light of contemporary Western European standards, a relatively poor but stable country. [...] It has been estimated that 75�80% of the population was involved in agricultural pursuits during the late eighteenth century.

One hundred years later, the corresponding figure was still 72%." Many looked towards America for a better life during this time.

It is believed that between 1850 and 1910 more than one million Swedes moved to the United States.Einhorn, Eric and John Logue (1989), pǔ. In the early 20th century, more Swedes lived in Chicago than in Gothenburg (Sweden's second largest city).Ulf Beijbom, [http://www.americanwest.com/swedemigr/pages/emigra.htm "European emigration"], The House of Emigrants, V�xj�, Sweden. Most Swedish immigrants moved to the Midwestern United States, with a large population in Minnesota.

Some Swedes moved to Delaware.

Some also moved to Canada and others in smaller numbers to Argentina. File:Farewell to home, G�teborg, 1905.jpg
thumb
250px
Swedish emigrants boarding ship in Gothenburg in 1905 Despite the slow rate of industrialization into the 19th century, many important changes were taking place in the agrarian economy because of innovations and the large population growth.Koblik, pp.

9�10. These innovations included government-sponsored programs of enclosure, aggressive exploitation of agricultural lands, and the introduction of new crops such as the potato. Because the Swedish peasantry had never been enserfed as elsewhere in Europe,[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-29865/Sweden#403810.hook Sweden: Social and economic conditions] (2007).

In'' Encyclop�dia Britannica''.

Encyclop�dia Britannica Online.

Retrieved 19 February 2007. the Swedish farming culture began to take on a critical role in the Swedish political process, which has continued through modern times with modern Agrarian party (now called the Centre Party).Koblik, p.

11: "The agrarian revolution in Sweden is of fundamental importance for Sweden's modern development.

Throughout Swedish history the countryside has taken an unusually important role in comparison with other European states." Between 1870 and 1914, Sweden began developing the industrialized economy that exists today.Koblik, p.

90.

"It is usually suggested that between 1870 and 1914 Sweden emerged from its primarily agrarian economic system into a modern industrial economy." Strong grassroots movements sprung up in Sweden during the latter half of the nineteenth century (trade unions, temperance groups, and independent religious groups), creating a strong foundation of democratic principles.

In 1889 The Swedish Social Democratic Party was founded.

These movements precipitated Sweden's migration into a modern parliamentary democracy, achieved by the time of World War I.

As the Industrial Revolution progressed during the twentieth century, people gradually began moving into cities to work in factories and became involved in socialism
socialist unions.

A socialist revolution was avoided in 1917, following the re-introduction of parliamentarism, and the country was democratization
democratized.

World Wars

{{See also
Sweden during World War II}} File:Swedish soldier during ww2.JPG
left
250
thumb
Swedish soldier during World War II Sweden remained officially neutral during World War I and World War II, although its neutrality during World War II has been debated.Koblik, pp.

303�313.Nordstrom, p.

315: "Sweden's government attempted to maintain at least a semblance of neutrality while it bent to the demands of the prevailing side in the struggle.

Although effective in preserving the country's sovereignty, this approach generated criticism at home from many who believed the threat to Sweden was less serious than the government claimed, problems with the warring powers, ill feelings among its neighbours, and frequent criticism in the postwar period." Sweden was under German influence for much of the war, as ties to the rest of the world were cut off through blockades. The Swedish government felt that it was in no position to openly contest Germany, and therefore made some concessions.{{cite book
last=Zubicky
first=Sioma
year=1997
title=Med f�rintelsen i bagaget
language=Swedish language
Swedish
publisher=Bonnier Carlsen
location=Stockholm
isbn=91-638-3436-7
page=122}} Sweden also supplied steel and machined parts to Germany throughout the war.

However, Sweden supported Norwegian resistance, and in 1943 helped rescue Danish Jews from deportation to concentration camps.

Toward the end of the war, Sweden began to play a role in humanitarian efforts and many refugees, among them many Jews from Nazi-occupied Europe, were saved partly because of the Swedish involvement in rescue missions at the internment camps and partly because Sweden served as a haven for refugees, primarily from the Nordic countries and the Baltic states. Nevertheless, internal and external critics have argued that Sweden could have done more to resist the Nazi war effort, even if risking occupation.Nordstrom, pp.

313�319.

Cold War

Sweden publicly claimed to be a neutral country and the image was forcefully maintained, but unofficially Sweden's leadership had strong ties with the United States.

In the early 1960s Sweden and the United States agreed to deploy nuclear submarines off the Swedish west coast.

In the same year Sweden made a defense pact with the United States. Following the war, Sweden took advantage of an intact industrial base, social stability and its natural resources to expand its industry to supply the rebuilding of Europe.Nordstrom, pp.

335�339. Sweden was part of the Marshall Plan and participated in the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

During most of the post-war era, the country was governed by the Swedish Social Democratic Party (in Swedish language
Swedish: ''Socialdemokraterna'').

Social democrats imposed corporatist policies: favoring big capitalist corporations and big unions, especially Swedish Trade Union Confederation, affiliated with Social Democrats.''Globalization and Taxation: Challenges to the Swedish Welfare State''.

By Sven Steinmo. The amount of bureaucrats rose from normal levels in the 1960s to very high levels by the 1980s. Sweden was open to trade and pursued an internationally competitive manufacturing sector.

Growth was good until 1970s. Sweden, like countries around the globe, entered a period of economic decline and upheaval, following the oil embargoes of 1973�74 and 1978�79.Nordstrom, p.

344: "During the last twenty-five years of the century a host of problems plagued the economies of Norden and the West.

Although many were present before, the 1973 and 1980 global oil crises acted as catalysts in bringing them to the fore." In the 1980s pillars of Swedish industry were massively restructured.

Shipbuilding was discontinued, wood pulp was integrated into modernized paper production, the steel industry was concentrated and specialized, and mechanical engineering was robotized.Krantz, Olle and Lennart Sch�n.

2007.

Swedish Historical National Accounts, 1800�2000.

Lund: Almqvist and Wiksell International. Between 1970 and 1990 the overall tax burden rose by over 10%, and the growth was very low compared to most other countries in Western Europe.

The marginal income tax for workers reached over 80%.

Eventually government spent over half of the country's gross domestic product.

Sweden steadily declined from its perennial top five GDP per capita ranking.

Since the late 1970s, Sweden

Advertise your message on TheTownGuide.Com

About Us \| Franchise \| Advertising \| Link \| Site Map \| Site Stats \| Help
Database & Website Concept, Design & Build by : Alan McLelland TheTownGuide.Com
Copyright © 2001 TheTownGuide.Com All Rights Reserved.
		Disclaimer Stats

First 100 Pictures
Second 100 Pictures

TheTownGuide.Com Website Visitor Stats

TheTownGuide.Mobi - Mobile Website Visitor Stats

Page Title :
The Sweden Town Guide - Local Community, Tourist Guide & Travel Channel

Meta Description :
Sweden Community, Tourist Guide, Travel & Transport Channel, with FREE & Premium Sweden Members Articles, Adverts, Hotel & Business Directory Listings.

Meta Keys :

- TheTownGuide, The Town Guide, The Sweden Town Guide, Sweden Town Guide, Sweden Tourist Guide, Sweden Tour Guide, Sweden Travel Guide, Sweden Travellers Guide, Sweden Visitor Guide, Sweden Holiday Guide, Sweden Guide, Sweden Community Guide, Sweden Community, Sweden Website, Sweden Webpages, Sweden Web, Sweden Local Guide, Sweden Local Area Guide,

- TheTownGuideSweden, The Town Guide Sweden, Town GuideSweden, Tourist Guide to Sweden, Tour Guide to Sweden, Travel Guide to Sweden, Travellers Guide to Sweden, Visitor Guide to Sweden, Holiday Guide for Sweden, Guide to Sweden, Community Guide to Sweden, Community Sweden, Website for Sweden, Webpages for Sweden, Local Guide to Sweden, Local Area Guide for Sweden,

- Country Guide, Town Guide, Neighbourhood, Neighbourhood Guide, Local Guide, Street Guide, Locale Guide, Local Area Guide, Town, County, Region, Province, Area, Island, Community, Residents Groups, Residents Associations, Neighbourhood Watch, On-Line, On Line, Holiday, Tourist, Traveller, Visitor, Weekend Break, Flights, Airport, Plane, Aircraft, Aeroplane, Bus, Buses, Bus Station, Train, Train Station, Taxi, Taxi Rank, Cab, Mini Cab, Minicab, Boat, Ferry, Channel Ferry,

- The Solar System, The World, Sweden,
TheTownGuideID 1-1-41p1

Trade Doubler Keyword :
Travel, Flights